318 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. [Vol.35 



would be free from sudden changes of temperature such as we get at the 

 surface were rapidly and rudely disappointed. Simplicity is not apparently 

 the characteristic of the upper air." 



Ni-ght cooling' and the importance of the dew and frost points, J. Schubebt 

 (Met. Ztschr., 32 {1915), No. 8, pp. 343-350, figs. 3).— The observations of vari- 

 ous investigators bearing on the relations of the temperature of the surface of 

 the earth and the overlying air, and of the pressure and humidity of the air, 

 to the formation of dew and frost are critically reviewed and discussed in this 

 article. 



The following are among the conclusions reached from the data cited : 



With a given pressure, the frost-point is higher than the dew-point. The 

 frost-point Te may be calculated from the dew-point T within 0.1° by the 

 formula Te=0.9T. For more accurate reckoning for temperatures from 

 to — 14° the factor 0.89 should be used. The dew-point runs parallel with 

 the air temperature from midnight to 6 a. m. The surface temperature falls 

 more rapidly than that of the overlying air and may be below the dew-point 

 while the overlying air is still above. Dew begins to form with a humidity 

 of 90 per cent, is greater at 95 per cent, and turns to fog at 99 per cent. The 

 formation of dew results in a distinct lowering of pressure. During the last 

 half of the night the fall of temperature is relatively less with formation of 

 dew and frost than with dry air, due to heat set free by condensation. 



Frost protection for fruit and vegetables in the United States (Abs. in 

 Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Ro7ne'\, Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No 1, 

 pp. 36-42). — This is a summary of a number of papers on this subject, most of 

 which have been separately noted in the Record. 



The weather of 1915, J. A. Mukeay {Rpt. Agr. New Brunswick, 1915, pp. 

 161-169). — Observations on temperature, precipitation, and sunshine at Fred- 

 ericton, N. B., and on temperature at various other places in the Province are 

 tabulated and briefly discussed. The season of 1915 was unusual and un- 

 favorable for farming mainly on account of excessive precipitation and di- 

 minished sunshine. 



The weather of the past agricultural year, F. J. Bbodie {Jour. Roy. Agr. 

 Soc. England, 16 {1915), pp. 171-180). — The weather conditions throughout the 

 British Isles during 1915 are summarized as usual and comparisons made with 

 the weather of previous years. It is stated that as a result of a succession of 

 adverse weather influences the yield of crops during the year was generally 

 below the average. 



Hailstorms and hail prevention during 1915 in the departments of Gironde 

 and Dordogne, France, A. An got {Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 2 {1916), 

 No. 20, p. 558). — This is a brief note on a more detailed report by F. Courty in 

 a bulletin of the Meteorological Commission, the principal conclusion of which 

 is that hailstorms are always irregular in occurrence and distribution, and 

 that the electric tower method of prevention apparently exerts no practical 

 influence on their course or intensity. 



Annual distribution of cloudiness in France, G. Bigoxjedan {Compt. Rend. 

 Acad. Sci. [Paris], 162 {1916), No. 17, pp. 620-625, figs. 13; abs. in Rev. Sci. 

 [Paris], 54 {1916), I, No. 9, p. 285). — This is a report of a complete study for 

 France similar to that which has been undertakeji by Teisserenc de Bort for 

 the whole world. Curves, isoneph, connecting points of equal mean monthly 

 cloudiness are given and discussed. Attention is called to the need for this 

 purpose of longer series of observations at a greater number of places. 



International catalogue of scientific literature. F — Meteorology {Internat. 

 Cat. Sd. Lit., 12 {1915), pp. VIII -\-194).— "The literature indexed is mainly 

 that of 1912, but includes those portions of the literature of 1901-1911 in regard 



