464 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 35 



heavier on the rootlets near the trunk, but frequently the aphids are as 

 abundant 10 or 12 ft. from the stem. Badly stunted growth and early falling of 

 the foliage are characteristic of its injury on young trees. "Injury and death are 

 due to heavy summer and autumn infestations on the fibrous rootlets and to 

 the inability of the tree to replace the destroyed roots quickly enough to afford 

 plant food for the vegetative portion. ... In orchards and districts vphere 

 conditions favor large productions of winged forms, or migrants, spring and 

 early summer infestations are small, denoting that few insects passed the win- 

 ter on the roots. After the month of June, however, such infestations multiply 

 rapidly and become very large by September, the month in which the fall 

 migrants are produced in greatest abundance. After September there remain 

 small wingless colonies which increase but little until the summer following. 

 The winged forms are produced in abundance on heavy dry clay soils which 

 crack in summer and autumn. . . . Occasionally the wingless infestations are 

 severe the year round ; where this is so, in the early part of the year there is 

 caused a considerable stunting of growth and more or less weakening, unless 

 the trees can put out plenty of new rootlets to replace those injured and de- 

 stroyed. This condition has been noted especially on light clay soils where 

 poor cultivation was employed." 



In considering the biology of this species a comparison is made of E. 

 pyricola with E. lanigerum and of the fall migrants of E. pijricola, E. lanigerum, 

 and E. americanum. The new species is easily distinguished from E. ulmi from 

 the fact that segment V bears prominent transverse sensoria, and the wingless 

 forms can be distinguished from those of E. lanigerum by the structure of the 

 compound wax pores and the winged forms by the antennae. 



Capsid bugs, J. C. F. Feyee {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 22 {1916), No. 10, 

 pp. 950-958, pis. 2). — This is a brief summary of the present state of our 

 knowledge with regard to the injury to apple trees and fruit now generally 

 ascribed to plant bugs of the family Capsidas. 



Ooencyrtus pacificus, a new egg parasite from Fiji, J. Watebston {Bui. 

 Ent. Research, 6 {1915), No. S, pp. 307-310, figs. 1).— This parasite was reared 

 from the eggs of the bean bug {Brachyplatys pacificus) at Rarawai, Viti Levu, 

 Fiji. 



The insect vector of uta, a Peruvian disease, C. H. T. Townsend {Jour. 

 Parasitology, 2 {1915), No. 2, pp. 67-73, fig. 1). — A disease known as uta, which 

 occurs on the west face of the Andes in Peru, has been proved to be due to a 

 Leishmania. Two species of gnats of the genus Forcipomyia are said to have 

 been proved capable of transmitting this Leishmania. "It is highly probable 

 that the various forms of leishmaniasis thus far known are due to as many 

 species of herpetomonads originally parasitic in the gut of the insect carriers 

 concerned, and that, with regard to the occurrence in man, these herpetomonads 

 are as yet in the stages of parasitism ranging from habitually abnormal or fre- 

 quent to merely accidental or infrequent." 



A classification of the Lepidoptera based on characters of the pupa, Edna 

 MosHER {Bui. III. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 12 {1916), Art. 2, pp. 13-159, pis. 9).— 

 Investigations by the author have led to this classification, based on pupal 

 characters. An attempt has also been made to throw some light on the relation- 

 ships existing between the different groups. 



Tineid moths of Central America, Lord Walsingham {Biol. Cent. Amer., 

 Zool., Lepidoptera-Heterocera, 4 {1909-1915), pp. XII +482, pis. 10; rev. in 

 Nature [London], 96 {1916), No. 2411, pp. 533, 55^).— The several fascicles of 

 this volume deal with the Tineina. In the preparation of this work the author 

 has been assisted by J. H. Durrant and A. Busck, the latter of the Bureau of 

 Entomology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 



