1916] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 465 



The introduction and establishment in Canada of the natural enemies of 

 the brown-tail and gipsy moths, J. D. Tothiul (Agr. Qaz. Canada, S (1916), 

 No. 2, pp. 111-116, pg. 1).—A detailed account Is given of the distribution of 

 the parasitic and predacious enemies of these moths in Canada, together with 

 a map showing their distribution. 



The brown Ctenucha (Ctenucha brunnea), E. O. EssiG (Jour. Ent. and Zool., 

 7 (1915), No. 4, pp. 241-244, pi. 1). — This lepidopteran occurs in the coast 

 legion from San Francisco to the southern part of California, where it is found 

 feeding on the leaves of California wild rye (Elymus condensatus) . The cater- 

 pillars are effectively parasitized by a new species of Protapanteles, which in 

 confinement was reared from about 95 per cent of the caterpillars. This para- 

 site is attacl^ed by a hyperparasite (Hemiteles n. sp.). 



The larvse of a noctuid moth also feeds on this host plant at Ventura and is 

 said to be much more destructive to the plant. It burrows into the centers of 

 the stems in which it feeds and remains until ready to pupate. 



Cutworms and their control in com and other cereal crops, W. R. Waxton 

 and J. J. Davis (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 739 (1916), pp. 3, fig. 1).—A 

 brief popular account. 



The true army worm and its control, W. R. Walton (U. S. Dept. Agr., 

 Farmers' Bui. 731 (1916), pp. 12, figs. 8). — This popular account of (Heliophila) 

 Cirphis unipuncta and means for its control is of general interest to crop 

 growers. 



The clover leafhopper and its control in the Central States, E. H. Gibson 

 {V. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 737 (1916), pp. 8, figs. 5).— An account of 

 AgalUa sanguinolenta, its habits and mode of attack, together with informa- 

 tion as to the control of outbreaks in alfalfa and clover fields. 



The species is distributed generally throughout the United States and its 

 range extends into southern Canada and Mexico. Its primary injury is pro- 

 duced by direct feeding, as many as 600 individuals having been counted on a 

 single plant. A second form of injury is produced by the forcing of the eggs 

 into the stem and leaf tissue by the adult female, which causes a distortion 

 of the surrounding tissue and often results in a gall-like formation. Its prin- 

 cipal host plants are leguminous, including alfalfa, clover, cowpeas, and vetch, 

 but it is common on meadow and pasture lands and feeds on a number of cul- 

 tivated as well as native grasses. 



The eggs hatch in from 5 to 12 days in summer in the latitude of southern 

 Illinois. Five molts are passed by the nymphs, which require from 18 to 35 

 days, with an average of 25 days for development. The number of generations 

 produced varies annually with the weather and with the latitude, there usually 

 being three distinct broods in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas. In 

 the Northern States the clover leafhopper hibernates in the adult stage, at the 

 base of clumps of grass and weeds and under dried leaves and trash. Nymphs 

 can not long survive cold weather, and it is not probable that the eggs survive 

 over winter. In the extreme Southwest the leafhopper is active throughout the 

 entire year. 



The hopperdozer, a frame for which is illustrated, is recommended for use in 

 its direct control. Mention is also made of the importance of burning rubbish 

 and waste vegetation, close cutting or pasturing of grasslands, and the early 

 cutting of alfalfa as control measures. 



The dipterous family Scatopsidae, A. L. Melandeb (Washington Sta. Bui. 

 ISO (1916), pp. 3-18, pis. 2). — In this account, 18 species of Scatopsidse from 

 the United States are recognized, six of which are described as new to science. 

 It is pointed out that these flies are of economic importance through their habit 

 of breeding in filth. 



