19161 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 381 



very often after 24 hours. Optochin disappeared much more rapidly, but was 

 still present in the guinea-pig serum two hours after an injection. It is indi- 

 cated that the cellular blood elements may fix optochin to a certain degree and 

 later release it. Formaldehyde and " rhodaform " could not be determined in 

 the blood shortly after injection, nor could the latter be found in the bile. It is 

 concluded that such experimental results indicate the best methods of adminis- 

 tering therapeutic agents and the varied action of such substances in different 

 animal species. 



Further observations on the action of chemotherapeutic substances in 

 vitro, O. ScHiEMANN (Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 24 {1915), 

 No. 2, pp. 167-187). — Salvarsan and optochin were found to be active in bouillon 

 as well as in the serum and blood of different animals, not only in preventing 

 the growth of the organisms but also as bactericidal agents. The inhibition of 

 growth, however, was found to be more regular and to be valuable in deter- 

 mining the selective action of such substances on various organisms. The use 

 of serum and blood of various species often yielded widely different results. 



Glanders bacilli were markedly influenced by salvarsan in in vitro experi- 

 ments. 



The curative doses in animal experiments which alone influenced infections 

 were such as not only prevented growth but were also sufficient for killing the 

 micro-organisms. This difference of rapidity of action in vivo and in vitro is 

 attributed to the slow action of the therapeutic substance and to its greatly 

 diminished concentration in the blood stream. The results of treatment of 

 chicken cholera infection with quinin as described by Hallenberger (E. S. R., 

 30, p. 286) could not be corroborated in experiments with chickens and rabbits. 



Studies on antileucocytic animals, Lippmann (Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. 

 Titer., I, Orig., 24 (1915), No. 2, pp. 107-122). — ^Two papers are presented. 



I. The mode of action of antibacterial sera and chemotherapetitic sub- 

 stances. — The experimental data have shown that the intravenous injection of 

 a bacteriotropic serum (Neufeld's pneumococcus serum) may prevent the 

 passage of the disturbing organism into the blood stream of healthy animals. 

 Animals treated with thorium X, however, develop a bacteriemia within eight 

 hours. Tlie pneumococcus serum, therefore, only prevents a pneumococcus 

 sepsis in the presence of leucocytes. 



Bacteriolytic sera (cholera) show in leucocyte-free animals in the presence 

 of complement the same bacteriolytic action (vibriolysis) in Pfeiffer's experi- 

 ment as normal animals. For bacteriolysis the leucocytes are apparently of 

 no particular importance. Protozoa are also destroyed by chemotherapeutic 

 agents (salvarsan) the same as in normal animals. 



Contrary to these results optochin (ethylhydrocuprein) was found not to 

 prevent a bacteriemia in animals treated with thorium. Optochin thus appears 

 to require the assistance of the entire organism for its effective action. 



II. Contribution to the recognition of natural immunity against sicine ery- 

 sipelas. — In guinea pigs injected with swine erysipelas whose leucocytes had 

 been destroyed by thorium X the pathogenic organisms could not be estab- 

 lished bacteriologically, while all the normal animals died from a severe 

 bacteriemia. 



It is suggested that such curative action is due to the liberation of bacteri- 

 cidal substances (leukins) from the dissolved leucocytes, just as the cholera 

 vibriolysis in Pfeiffer's experiment is accelerated through the liberation of 

 leucocyte substance by treatment with thorium. 



The biological significance of unsaturated fatty acids, J. W. Jobling and 

 W. F. Peteesen (Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 24 (1915), No. 3, 

 pp. 292-310). — It is shown that through the removal of the antiferment of the 



