1916] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 571 



average record of her scrub clam reared at the station. However, the average 

 records at an average age of three years made by the first generation grades by 

 the first Guernsey sire used were not quite equal to those of their mature dams, 

 and variation in the ability of sires to transmit dairy qualities is deemed a 

 factor to be considered in selecting a pure-bred bull to head a scrub or common 

 herd, as well as for a high grade or pure-bred herd. 



In persistency of milk production the grades were intermediate between the 

 scrub and the pure-bred cows in the herd. The first generation grades were 

 much superior to their dams in dairy conformation. IMany of the first genera- 

 tion grades showed the characteristic color of their sii*e's breed ; however, in 

 the case of the Holsteins this was not so pronounced until the second genera- 

 tion. There was no appreciable difference between the scrub and grade calves 

 so far as coefiicient of digestion is concerned, but the grades had a greater 

 capacity for handling concentrates than had the scrubs. 



Silage alone, compared with silage and hay, as rovighage for dairy cows, 

 H. P. Davis {Pennsijlvania Sta. Rpt. 19 H, pp. 173-182) .—Two lots of five cows 

 each were fed for three periods of four weeks each. Lot 1 received silage alone 

 for roughage during periods 1 and 3 and mixed hay and silage during period 2, 

 and lot 2 received hay and silage during periods 1 and 3 and silage alone during 

 period 2. 



The milk yield decreased with both systems of roughage, but the decrease was 

 less with silage and hay. When silage and hay for roughage followed silage 

 alone there was a slight increase in milk yield over the initial production. Ex- 

 cept in one instance there was a decrease each period. When the cows re- 

 ceived hay they consumed practically the same amount of silage as when no 

 hay was included in the ration. Both lots consumed an excess of protein and 

 net energy above that necessary for maintenence and milk production when 

 based on Eckles' standard. There were no apparent undesirable physical effects 

 from the feeding of silage alone for roughage with the grains used. There was 

 very i tie difference in the cost of the two rations or in the feed cost of milk 

 and milk fat. No perceptible difference v/as observed in the health of the 

 two lots. 



The effect of open-shed housing as compared with the closed stable for 

 milch cows, H. P. Davis {Penmylvama Sta. Rpt. 19U. pp. 183-226, pis. 3).— 

 Continuing work previously reported (E. S. R., 34, p. 182) the results of three 

 years' studies on the effect of open-shed housing and closed stable are given. 

 Two lots of cows were treated alike in every respect except that of housing, 

 lot 1 being kept outside and lot 2 Inside. 



From the data presented it appears that cows kept under an open shed have 

 keener appetites and consume somewhat more roughage than those kept in 

 stables. There was sufficient protein consumed, when either Armsby's, Van 

 jSorman's, or Eckles' standard was considered, to meet the requirements for 

 milk and to maintain the animals. Figured on Eckles' standard there was a 

 slight excess of energy consumed above maintenance and milk production the 

 first two years, and a small deficiency the last year. AVhen computed on 

 Armsby's and Van Norman's standards there was a deficiency in energy con- 

 sumed for maintenance and milk production each year, except for lot 1 the 

 second year. 



The milk yield of the outside lot for the tliree years was 35,723.8 lbs. and for 

 the inside lot 35,322.3 lbs. It decreased more rapidly each winter for the out- 

 side than for the inside lot. Sudden drops in atmospheric temperature caused 

 decreases in milk yield for both lots, the outside lot having a slightly greater 

 decrease. More bedding was required outside, but less labor was necessary to 

 keep the animals clean. Both lots finished each winter's trial in good health. 



