506 EXPEBIMEN-T STATION RECOKD. [Vol.35 



valleys. Analyses of these records have been compared with results of similar 

 researches conducted elsewhere." 



Summarizing the results the author concludes that " the general relation 

 or connection between the conditions recorded at the summit and base stations 

 of Mount Rose appears to be practically the same as that found to exist between 

 the summit and base stations of mountains in other parts of the world. Of the 

 decided falls of temperature or cold waves occurring on the summit during 

 four years of observation, about one-half were accompanied by nearly syn- 

 chronous changes at the base stations ; one-third were followed within 48 hours 

 by lower minimum temperatures at the base stations ; one-fifth were followed 

 by a slight rise of temperature at the base stations. In the instances where 

 cold waves on the summit precede those at the base, particularly those where a 

 rise of temperature occurs at the base, the cause is probably local gradients 

 less steep than usual, mechanical cooling of the air at the summit during a 

 strong wind, or clouds or fog in the valleys and below the summit. Such a 

 condition, however, does not appear to be a very stable one and probably can 

 not exist very long. Abnormal falls of temperature or cold waves occur most 

 frequently when a cyclone or area of low pressure is about 500 miles south or 

 southeast, and an anticyclone or area of high pressure about 300 miles north- 

 west of Mount Rose. When well-defined cyclones and anticyclones pass over 

 or near Mount Rose, the changes of temperature at the summit and base are 

 nearly synchronous, for at such a time the winds at all levels are higher than 

 normal and the atmosphere more nearly homogenous." 



While the author believes that data from high-level stations, such as are 

 reported in this bulletin, will be found valuable in local forecasting, they 

 should be supplemented by determinations, in some level region, of "the ver- 

 tical gradients or distribution of the chief meteorological elements by means 

 of recording instruments elevated by kites and balloons and from observa- 

 tions of the formation and movements of clouds. . . . Comparisons of free- 

 atmosphere data with observations on mountains and in valleys under various 

 conditions of weather will show the relation of local phenomena to the general 

 movements of the atmosphere." 



It is urged that the practical utility of the results of such investigations can 

 be greatly increased by embodying the information in courses of instruction. 



Report of the chief of the Weather Bureau, 1915 (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Weather 

 Bur. Rpt. 1915, pp. 276, pis. 4).— This report follows the general lines of 

 previous years (E. S. R., 32, p. 810). 



Among the subjects of special interest briefly discussed in the summary report 

 are the progress and present status of snow surveys in mountain watersheds in 

 Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and Arizona which are being carried on as a means of 

 measuring the water which may later be available for irrigation ; a preliminary 

 trial of a scheme of utilizing amateur wireless operators in the distribution of 

 weather forecasts ; improvement of the system of storm warning signals on the 

 Great Lakes ; and observations on the extent and damage caused by floods. 



" The heavy and continued rains of May and June, 1915, in Kansas, Nebraska, 

 and adjoining sections, while not producing marked floods in the rivers, never- 

 theless wrought immense damage to standing crops, not only from overflow and 

 total destruction along the rivers and small streams, but also by reason of the 

 saturated condition of the soil, it being impracticable to gather crops until the 

 ground dried out. An estimate of the damage to crops and farm lands in 

 Kansas places the amount at $6,000,000, with an additional $1,500,000 along the 

 Missouri east of Kansas City." 



Climatological data for the TJnited States by sections {U. S. Dept. Agr., 

 Weather Bur. Climat. Data, S (1916), Nos. S, pp. 2S9, pis. 2, figs. 6; 4, PP- 228, 



