1916] EUBAL ECONOMICS. 793 



unless specifically described as not graded or placarded in legible letters ' not 

 gradeil.' To facilitate the plating of blame for improperly graded leaf, contract 

 strippers should be required to obtain a license bearing a registered number and 

 certifying to their ability in grading tobacco." 



Disadvantages of selling' cotton in the seed, C. F. Ckks\vei.l (U. S. Dept. 

 Ayr. Bui. 375 (1916), pp. IS). — The results of an investigation conducted in 

 Oklahoma in 1913-14 to ascertain the relative advantages and disadvantages 

 accruing to the farmer from selling seed cotton instead of marketing the sewl 

 and the baled lint separately are reported. A study was made of 881 10-lb. 

 samples collected from as many different loads sold by different farmers in nine 

 representative seed-cotton markets. The samples were ginned and carefully 

 graded, and the results obtained are tabulated and discussed. 



The examination of the samples indicated that the average lint outturued for 

 the season in the districts covered by the survey was approximately 31.5 per 

 cent. The seed cotton samples secured in the nine different towns showed an 

 average variation of 14.3 per cent in lint, 27.5 per cent in seed, and 25.2 per 

 cent in trash content. Tables are given showing that wide variations in quali- 

 ties and outturns of seed cotton exist in the same market on the same day, and 

 that these variations result in marked inconsistencies in equivalent lint prices 

 when a uniform price is paid for seed cotton regardless of its quality. It is 

 further shown that the custom of selling seed cotton resulted in wide variations 

 between the prices received for the same quality of lint cotton in the same 

 market during the same week. 



Observations on the prices for each grade during the season throughout the 

 State showed a loss on each grade when the cotton was sold unginned, the loss 

 being larger on the higher grades than on the lower ones. A comparison by 

 months between prices secured for cotton when sold unginned and when sold 

 in the bale during the entire season in the markets represented, indicate a loss 

 for each month ranging from an average of $3.85 per bale in October, to $10.25 

 per bale in December. The average baled lint price for the entire season was 

 11.7 cts., and the average equivalent lint price for the entire season 10.2 cts. 



In a study of conditions in a specific locality it was found that $3.95 more per 

 bale was paid for Triumph than for other cotton. It is pointed out that on each 

 pound of cotton sold unginned in this market the growers sustained an average 

 loss of 1.01 cts., or $5.05 on each bale. 



The supply and price of wheat, H. Hitieb (Ann. Sci. Agron., 4. ser., 4 

 (1916), No. 10-12, pp. 254-273). — The author discusses the production and 

 consumption of wheat in the principal producing countries and the prices at the 

 principal market centers for 1915, with comparisons for earlier years. 



Foreign trade in agricultural products, 1913, O. Bobdiga (Atti R. 1st. 

 Incorayg. Napoli, 6. ser., 66 (1914), PP- 35-77). — This report compares the im- 

 ports and exports of agricultural products for 1913 with earlier years as to 

 source, destination, and kind. 



The system of land registration in New Zealand, G. G. Bridges (Internat. 

 Inst. Agr. [Rome^, Internat. Rev. Agr. Econ., 7 (1916), No. 4, pp. 92-112). — 

 This article gives a general description of the methods used in conveying land, 

 including the system of transfer, registration of dealings, attestations of instru- 

 ments, and surveys, together with forms used in the different transactions. 



Agricultural labor and wages ( Lantarbetarnas Arbets-och Loneforhdllanden 

 inom olika Bygder ocli a typisln lanteyendomar. Stockholm: Dept. Labor, 1915, 

 pp. ^i2; rev. in Internat. Inst. Ayr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Agr. Econ., 7 

 (1916), Nos. 2, pp. 113-125; 3, pp. 106-123; 4, pp. 113-117).— This is a special 

 report concerning agricultural laborers in Sweden, and discusses the classes of 

 holdings, types of farming, number and distribution of the agricultural popula- 



