1916] FORESTRY. 747 



less than 2 per cent. From 1913 to 1915, inclusive, 750 trees were taken out, 

 all of which could be disposed of to good advantage, and 800 trees were left 

 for future sale. 



With these growth rates as a basis estimates are given showing the probable 

 cost and returns from such a plantation. Assuming an average price of 15 

 cts. per tree with a 5-year rotation the gross returns for 5,305 trees amount to 

 !f795.75. The cost of stock and planting plus 6 per cent for five years would 

 be $165.94, leaving a net balance of .$029.81. No allowance was made for 

 occasional cultivations or harvesting, which is done during the winter months 

 when work is slack. The experiment as a whole indicates that Christmas 

 trees may be grown with profit as a farm crop in limited quantities, depending 

 on the local demand and prices. 



Hylobius pales as a factor in the reproduction of conifers in New Eng- 

 land, E. E. Cartek {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 11 {1916), No. 3, pii. 297-307, 

 figs. 2). — Observations made by the author on various coniferous plantations in 

 New England led to the conclusion that it is a waste of money to plant cut- 

 over pine lands during the first two seasons after cutting if the conifers most 

 commonly planted in New England are used. Such plantations will be sub- 

 ject to heavy loss, in some cases amounting to almost complete destruction, 

 by the beetle H. pales. This conclusion is in accordance with the practice in 

 many parts of Europe, although the species and even the genera of both trees 

 and insects are different from those in New England. It is suggested that 

 if the advance growth of pine found in pastures or fields can not be removed 

 two or more years in advance of making a coniferous planting on the land it 

 would be better to leave the advance growth and make early thinnings to pre- 

 vent the development of wolf trees. 



The presence of this beetle adds to the difficulty of reproduction by the 

 sheltei'wood method, inasmuch as the final cutting after the pine reproduction 

 has started merely invites the destruction of the small trees by the beetles. 

 If the strip method of reproduction is used, the intervals between the cutting 

 of strips should be sufficiently long for the reproduction to have reached a 

 height of 8 ft. or more before the timber on the next strip is cut. 



Water requirements and growth of young cypress, W. R. Mattoon {Proc. 

 Soc. Amer. Foresters, 11 {1916), No. 2, pp. 192-197, figs. S).— Some experimental 

 tests made with cypress seed and seedlings are reported. 



The results indicate in general that in the early stages both the seeds and 

 seedlings of cypress demand a very high degree of soil moisture, so that in its 

 juvenile stages the species seems to be semiaquatic in habit. From these 

 results it is recommended that cypress seed be soaked for a period of 

 several weeks, probably from four to eight, preparatory to sowing, thus 

 reducing the cost of starting the seedlings as compared with the usual method 

 of frequent waterings in nursery beds continued for a period of from one to 

 three months. 



The various osiers cultivated in France and neighboring countries, E. G. 

 Camus {Vie Agr. et Rurale, 6 {1916), No. 32, pp. 95-98, figs. 7).— The different 

 species and varieties of willows used in osier culture in France and neighboring 

 countries are described. 



The early European history and the botanical name of the tree of heaven, 

 Ailanthus altissima, W. T. Swingle {Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6 {1916), No. 14, 

 pp. 490-498).— A brief review of the literature relative to the Ailanthus in 

 Europe, together with notes on its introduction into the United States and its 

 importance as an ornamental and economic tree. 



The English names of some trees, W. W. Ashe {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 

 11 (1916), No. 2, pp. 233-239).— In this paper the author calls attention to the 



