EURAL ECONOMICS. 595 



retail societies, agricultural societies, and other productive societies for a period 

 of years. A lengthy bibliography is appended. 



Association and agricultural cooperation, J. Elias de Molins {La Asocia- 

 cion y Cooperacion Agrieolas. Barcelona, 1912, pp. 371). — This volume treats of 

 the causes, purpose, and value of agricultural cooperation in a general way, 

 giving in addition concrete illustrations of what has been accomplished in a 

 number of ways in various countries by cooperation and showing its social and 

 economic effect upon agricultural life generally. 



Cooperative marketing, W. H. Ingling (2^. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 35, 1912, pp. 

 1133-ll.'f2). — This paper states the principle of cooperation, points out the 

 essentials in its operation, and describes the work and progress of the Mon- 

 mouth County Farmers' Exchange, previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 392). 



Financing cooperative marketing, W. O. Retherford {Pacific Rural Press, 

 85 {1913), No. 26, p. 710). — This article points out and discusses the twofold 

 necessity of the use of money in conducting the marketing of farm crops; one 

 constituting a permanent investment in property and the other the amount 

 necessary to finance the seasonal movement of crops. To supply the need of 

 the latter it is suggested that certificates secured by farm products be sub- 

 stituted for money, the certificates being made redeemable in either products 

 or legal money at the option of the marketing association. Such certificates 

 would circulate in the same manner that the bank certificates circulated in a 

 number of the States in 1907. 



Cooperative buying and selling as it affects the producer and consumer, 

 W. N. Giles {N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 35, 1912, pp. 1017-1024).— This paper dis- 

 cusses briefly the principal elements entering into the cost of living, holding 

 that when the consumer's dollar is equitably distributed among producer, 

 transporter, and distributor and their interests correlated the problem of the 

 high cost of living will be solved. Suggested plans are given to show that only 

 by cooperation can such an arrangement be brought to pass. A number of 

 concrete illustrations are given to show what has been done and what may be 

 accomplished along this line. 



Waste on the farm, A. H. E. McDonald {Agr. Gas. N. S. Wales, 24 {1913), 

 No. 5, pp. 385-387). — A number of illustrations are given in this article showing 

 the great waste which takes place on many farms. A harvester costing £90, 

 for instance, with proper care may remain in good order for 10 or 12 years or 

 with a depreciation of about £9 per year, while exposure to weather, lack of 

 lubrication, and failure to keep repaired might cause it to depreciate as much 

 as £18 per year. 



The principle is applied to other farm equipment, farm machinery, etc. 



A determination of the value and revenue from fruits and vegetables by 

 the Christ-Junge method, Lockermann {Deut. Landw. Presse, 40 {1913), Nos. 

 53. pp. 642, 643; 54, pp. 655, 656).— This article compares various methods of 

 calculating the value of land, its revenue, profitableness, etc., when used for the 

 production of fruits and vegetables. The calculations and comparisons are made 

 with particular reference to the Christ-Junge method, which is said to have 

 been worked out with considerable mathematical precision. 



Cost of producing cauliflower, J. F. Dimon {N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 35, 1912, 

 pp. 899-901). — This article discusses briefly the cost of producing cauliflower 

 on Long Island, N. Y., giving the average cost per acre for a series of years, as 

 follows: Rent, $15; fertilizer, $40; barrels, $26; seed, $3; Paris green, $2; 

 barnyard manure, $5; labor, $23; or a total of $114. Some attention is also 

 given to the operations of the Long Island Cauliflower Association (E. S. R., 

 25, p. 336). 



