RUEAL ENGIISrEERING. 589 



respectively. On the other hand, the quantities actually used on 9 typical farms 

 varied from 0.75 acre-foot per acre on a sandy loam prune orchard, for which 

 the water supply was pumped, to 2.72 acre-feet per acre on a clay loam alfalfa 

 field, not counting a 50-acre rice field on which 5 acre-feet per acre were used. 



On the east-side tributaries of the San Joaquin the diversions per acre by 

 about 20 systems ranged from 1.50 acre-feet, by ditches supplying water mostly 

 to vineyards, to 12.45 acre-feet by the largest canal. On the main San Joaquin 

 the range of averages was from 0.5 acre-foot under one of the largest pump- 

 ing plants to 3.08 acre-feet used during high water under a canal irrigating 

 8,000 acres of pasture. Under the main west-side canal from San Joaquin 

 River the average diversion per acre was 2.75 acre-feet, while the actual use 

 on 31 typical tracts ranged from 0.85 acre-foot per acre on an alfalfa field of 

 heavy soil to 3.88 acre-feet on an alfalfa field of sandy soil. In Santa Clara 

 Valley the diversions from surface streams varied irregularly from 2.30 to 4.39 

 acre-feet per acre. The average diversions per acre in 1912 in the Santa Clara 

 River Valley from April to October, inclusive, ranged from 0.76 acre-foot under 

 a ditch watering 1,400 acres of citrus and deciduous fruits to 15.10 acre-feet 

 under a small ditch watering 40 acres of alfalfa. Net figures of actual use on 

 typical farms along this river showed depths applied ranging from 0.46 acre-foot 

 on beans to 2.74 acre-feet on lemons and 6.21 acre-feet on alfalfa. Along 

 Santa Ana River the diversions varied between January and November, 1912, 

 from 1.31 to 2.96 acre-feet per acre under systems irrigating citrus fruits, 

 alfalfa, and miscellaneous crops, and from 2.04 to 6.45 acre-feet per acre where 

 alfalfa was the main crop watered. Nine individual farms under Santa Ana 

 systems gave duties ranging from 1.52 to 4.10 acre-feet per acre for oranges, 

 from 3.18 to 4.83 acre-feet per acre for walnuts, and from 4.38 to 4.45 acre-feet 

 per acre for alfalfa. 



Several irrigation maps accompany this report. 



Meadow farming' in the land of the Sieg [Sieg'erland], A. Heinemann (Der 

 Wiesenbau im Siegerlancle. Berlin, 1913, pp. 65, pis. 24, fiffs. 21). — This book 

 deals with grass farming in Siegerland and discusses the various methods em- 

 ployed in the development of meadow land by means of fertilization and irriga- 

 tion. Methods of storing and utilizing water for irrigation from various 

 sources are illustrated and described, and the various laws and ordinances 

 governing the use of water and the local popular rules and regulations for 

 fertilizing and irrigating are given and discussed. Fourteen plates are given 

 representing various forms of meadow irrigation, and 10 plates showing various 

 small irrigation structures employed, such as head gates, floodgates, weirs, 

 small dams, overflow dams, and dam spillways. 



The rig'ht drain for the rig'ht place, B. R. Jones [Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 229, 

 pp. 3-50, figs. 28). — It is estimated that during certain periods of the year 

 an excess of water is damaging over 7,000,000 acres of Wisconsin lands, of 

 which one-third consists of muck and peat marshes and the other two-thirds 

 mostly of wet clays. A discussion of the detrimental effects of an excess of 

 water on such soils is followed by descriptions of the various common methods 

 of land drainage, including surface drainage by open ditches, tile underdrains, 

 stream straightening, vertical drains, and drainage by pumping. Lands need- 

 ing drainage are classified according to the increasing benefits derived there- 

 from and typical drainage projects, both farm and district organization projects, 

 are described, showing the nature of the areas, the details of the drainage sys- 

 tem, and the specific results of drainage. 



In a discussion of the planning and constructing of the farm drainage system 

 it is stated that the farmer should study the conditions causing poor drainage 

 on his land and the best remedy for them. Methods of staking out and estab- 



