DAIRY FAEMING DAIRYING. 577 



and with the cotton-seed meal ration 15.6 cts. It is estimated that if cotton- 

 seed meal is worth $1.55 per 100 lbs., velvet beans in the pod are worth $1.09. 



A table is appended showing age, breed, milking period, milk yield, and per- 

 centage of butter fat of the cows under test. A table is also given showing the 

 comparative returns from milk, cream, and butter. The average production 

 of 12 cows for a period of 12 months was, milk yield 2,594.7 lbs., percentage 

 butter fat 4.85, value of milk at 30 cts. per gallon, $90.50, value of cream at $1 

 per gallon (20 per cent butter fat), $74.15, and value of bulter at 40 cts. per 

 pound, $57.43. In this no account has been taken of the buttermilk or skim 

 milk. 



Another table shows the returns from individual cows for 6 months. 



Winter fodder of milch cows in Denmark, J. J. Dunne {Hoard's Dairy- 

 man, J,5 (1913), No. 25, pp. 832, 839).— An article dealing with the feeding value 

 and methods of feeding of mangolds, rutabagas, and other root crops for milk 

 production, and of the use of peanut cake, cotton cake, soy cake, sunflower 

 cake, and other oil-bearing cakes in the dairy ration. Tables are given suggest- 

 ing the proper amounts of these and other feeds for cows of varying milk 

 yield, also showing the percentage of carbohydrates, the pounds of roots which 

 constitute a feeding unit, and the effect of the soil upon the carbohydrate con- 

 tent of the various root crops. 



Selection and feeding of dairy cows, Lucas (Indus. Lait. [Paris'], 88 (1913), 

 Nos. 16, pp. 253-259. figs. 5; 17, pp. 269-273, figs. 19; 18, pp. 285-288; 19, pp. 

 301-305). — The author discusses the importance of breed, conformation, quality, 

 adder form and placement, ancestry, age, and influence of feeding of the dairy 

 cow upon milk production. There is included a table containing forage equiva- 

 lents, and a method for computing rations according to milk yield is explained. 



Studies in milk records: The influence of fetal growth on yield, W. Gavin 

 (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 5 (1913), No. S, pp. 309-319, figs. //).— With a view 

 to selecting a figure definitive of a cow's milking capability and affected by the 

 minimum number of influences (age of cow, length of lactation period, etc.) 

 the author proposes the maximum day-yield 3 times reached or exceeded as the 

 most satisfactory figure. This he terms the " Revised Maximum " or R. M. 

 This shows less variation than other figures that might be taken, is outside the 

 influences of length of lactation and time of service, and is but slightly affected 

 by other factors. 



In this connection investigations were made to determine the time after 

 calving at which the maximum yield occurs and the time after service at 

 which fetal growth begins to reduce the milk yield. Of 1,421 recoi'ds exam- 

 ined, 84 per cent of the total number of cows had reached their maximum day 

 yield by the eighth week after calving, 92 per cent by the twelfth week, and 97 

 per cent by the sixteenth week. Of 247 records examined. 97 per cent of the 

 cows had reached their maximum day yield within 16 weeks of calving, and 

 99 per cent within 20 week.s. The author concludes that from this it is evident 

 that the chances of the " Revised Maximum " being affected by time of service 

 are very slight. Plotted curves show the difference in fall in milk yield of non- 

 pregnant cows and cows sustaining fetal growth. In the former the fall is 

 gradual, while in the latter the fall is very rapid 16 weeks after service. 



The score card as a factor in judging dairy cows, R. Jensen (Hoard's 

 Dairyman, ^5 (1913), No. 22, p. 760). — In an investigation carried on at the 

 University of Missouri, 88 cows were scored and a comparison of scores made 

 of the different breeds as well as with the actual productivity of the cows. 

 It is shown wherein points of conformation are given different scoring values 

 for the different breeds. 



