ECOlSrOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 561 



hanging on the tree. . . . The larvie normally go into the soil to pupate if 

 they are where they can do so, and pass the winter in this dormant state. . . . 

 The depth to which the larvae enter the soil depends largely on its character; 

 in heavy clay the puparia are usually found directly beneath the fruit, while in 

 sandy soil they are frequently found at a depth of 2 in."' Puparia are, however, 

 often found within decayed fruit. The pupal period may last for only about a 

 month for the early emerging larvfe, but it continues over the winter in late 

 varieties. In the author's experiments about 30 per cent of the larvae which 

 entered the soil emerged as second brood flies. 



In order to determine the length of the life of the flies, those of the first 

 brood ovipositing in the orchard were collected and confined in inverted jelly 

 glasses. The males lived about 5 weeks and the females 6 weeks after being 

 confined. The flies of the second brood began dying after a confinement of 30 

 days in October, the last which died on November 6 having lived 50 days. 



The methods of control considered include picking up windfalls; burying 

 puparia ; the use of citronella oil, kerosene, and quassia ; cold storage ; culti- 

 vation; pupation without soil; poisoned bait; and codling moth spray. "Sev- 

 eral experiments have shown that the flies are able to emerge when buried 

 deeply in the soil, hence plowing in the fall or spring can not be counted on for 

 a remedy, and covering the infested fruit in pits is not recommended. . . . 

 Sweetened arsenate of lead proved effective, but was rather slow, so that in the 

 writer's early experiments soluble potassium arsenate was tried. This killed 

 the flies in 30 minutes. Subsequent observations indicate that the arsenate of 

 lead alone may control this pest if applied thoroughly to the fruit, as is done 

 for the codling moth." Experiments during the season of 1912 showed good 

 results to be obtained from the use of a mixture consisting of molasses 1 lb., 

 arsenate of lead 3 oz., and water 4 gal., when applied as the flies first emerge, 

 repeated every 10 days while the flies are in the field, and renewed after each 

 rain. 



An annotated bibliography of 16 pages is appended. 



The simultaneous destruction of Colaspidema atrum and lucern dodder by 

 calcium cyanamid, L. E. Solanet {Destruction Siinultance du Negril e de la 

 Cuscute dcs Luzernes. Montpellier [1913], pp. 30; abs. in Intemat. Inst. Agr. 

 [Romel, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, Jf {1913), No. 4, p. 663). — 

 The author reports that calcium cyanamid, reduced to as fine and light a pow- 

 der as possible and applied annually at the rate of 90 lbs. per acre, has thus far 

 proved to be the most efl:ective remedy employed in combating both this 

 chrysomelid beetle and the parasitic plant, while at the same time it interferes 

 in no wise with the growth of the alfalfa. Since the cyanamid is diflicult to 

 spread uniformly, the author recommends mixing it with an equal bulk of wood 

 ashes and twice its bulk of gypsum. 



Common white g-rubs, J. J. Davis {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 5If3, 

 pp. 20, figs. 12). — This is a general account of the larvae of the May beetles 

 {Lachnosterna spp.), commonly known as white grubs, including their injury, 

 life history, and habits, grubs likely to be mistaken therefor, natural enemies, 

 and methods of control. 



Probably the most serious outbreak of white grubs in the history of Ameri- 

 can agriculture occurred in 1912. following an abundance of beetles in 1911, 

 their injury having been reporte<l from almost every section of the country 

 north of the Ohio River and westward to South Dakota. In the worst infested 

 districts it was not unusual to find from 40 to 60 grubs in a single hill of corn. 

 It is estimated that the damage to corn, timothy, and potatoes in the States of 

 Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois in 1912 amounted to not less than $7,000,000 

 and in other infested areas to not less than $5,000,000. 



