ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 557 



carried on at Ithaca through 2 seasons. The spraying apparatus, spraying 

 operations, details of cost of spraying elms on Cornell University campus, cost 

 of spraying shade trees in other localities, proper time for spi'aying, amount of 

 poison to use and number of times to spray, and the life history and habits of 

 the elm leaf beetle are considered. 



A brief account of the elm leaf miner {Kaliosysphinga nlmi), its life history 

 and control measures follows (pp. 508-511). Spraying experiments carried on at 

 Ithaca have shown blackleaf 40 tobacco extract used at the rate of 1 pint to 

 100 gal. of water with 5 lbs. of soap to be very effective and more so than is 

 blackleaf. The trees must be sprayed as soon as the miner begins to show in 

 the leaves. It is pointed out that one great advantage gained in the use of 

 tobacco extracts is that arsenate of lead may be added for the leaf beetle, thus 

 obviating the necessity of a separate spray for each insect. 



The importance of supplanting elms and maples as shade trees by those less 

 subject to insect attack, such as oaks, especially the pin oak and red oak. and 

 by the gingko tree and others is emphasized. 



The mole cricket (Scapteriscus didactylus), E. L. Worsham and W. V. 

 Reed {Georgia Sta. Bui. 101, pp. 249-263, pi. 1, figs. 2).— The mole cricket is 

 said to have become in recent years the source of great alarm to farmers in the 

 coastal counties of Georgia. The present bulletin on the pest is based upon 

 investigations carried on during the years 1910 to 1912, inclusive, and deals 

 with its history, territory at present infested, description of the adult, life 

 histoi-y and habits, means of spread, influence of soil on the crickets, list of 

 plants attacked, remedies, etc. 



Truck crops as a rule are the most seriously injured, lettuce, peppers, toma- 

 toes, turnips, and potatoes, including both the vine and tubers, being eaten. 

 Pastures and lawns suffer severely from the cricket and particularly those 

 sodded in Bermuda grass, large areas having frequently been completely killed 

 by the cricket. Of the staple crops attacked sugar cane is said to rank first. 



Studies of the life history show mating to take place in the early spring, 

 and that there is but a single brood during the year. The eggs, which number 

 from 20 to 60, are deposited from April 15 to June 15 in earthen cells, usually 

 within 5 in. of the surface, and hatch in from 24 to 26 days. The young 

 crickets, which remain in the chamber for the first few days, gradually become 

 more active, burrow through the loose earth leading to the main tunnel, and 

 gain access to the surface. They then burrow and feed for several weeks be- 

 fore scattering to any distance, from 8 to 12 months elapsing, during which 

 time 8 molts are passed, before the young crickets reach the adult stage. 



It is stated that the crickets feed altogether at night, at least above the sur- 

 face. From their tunnels they may fly from place to place until they find an 

 area in which suitable food is found, when they literally pulverize the soil by 

 burrowing beneath the surface. If growing plants, as young tomatoes, are 

 within their reach they frequently destroy a large percentage of the plants in 

 a single night by gnawing them down just at the surface of the ground. It 

 is stated that the crickets can fly great distances, having been observed upon 

 leaving the ground to soar above the tree tops before being lost to view. "While 

 plant life, particularly young and tender roots, constitutes by far the larger 

 percentage of the mole cricket's food, animal life may also make up its diet. 

 It is said to be a well-known fact that the cricket is confined to sandy loam or 

 peaty soils. 



A single parasite is known to attack the cricket, this being a species of fly 

 which attacks the females after oviposition. Protecting plants and plowing 

 breeding areas 2 or 3 times between April 15 and June 15 are the chief artificial 



