METEOROLOGY WATER. 615 



sumption is higher for seasoned than for green wood, and higher for steamed 

 wood than for either seasoned or green material gi-ound under the same 

 conditions. 



"(4) The yield of pulp per cord is greater at high pressure than at low, and 

 while this is true also of the screenings there is not as much fine material lost 

 in white-water when high pressure is used. The yield is not greatly influenced 

 by the surface of the stone, but it is slightly higher at high speed than at low. 

 The yield is proportional to the bone-dry weight per cubic foot of wood. 



"(5) The quality of pulp varies most with the surface of the stone, less with 

 the pressure, and least with the speed. The weight per cubic foot and character 

 of wood, especially the latter, influence quality to a marked extent. Temi>era- 

 ture also has a marked influence. Pulp of greater strength is obtained at higher 

 temperature; that produced at low temperature will take a better finish. Pulp 

 of better color can be obtained from green wood than from seasoned, and 

 stronger pulp can be obtained by cooking the wood prior to grinding. The 

 quality of paper produced under exactly the same conditions, but made of pulp 

 produced at different grinder pressures, varies directly with the grinder pressure 

 and the horsepower consumption per ton of pulp. Mechanical pulp of greatest 

 strength can be produced only by the use of a relatively large amount of power." 



The occurrence of lactic acid in sisal, W. McGeoege {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 

 34 {1912), No. 11, pp. 1625-1627).— Previonslj noted from another source 

 (E. S. B-, 27, p. 717). 



METEOROLOGY— WATER, 



Meteorology for the farm and weather forecasting, L. M. Geanderye 

 {M^Uorologie de VAgrictdteur ei Pr&oision du Temps. Paris, WIS, pp. VIII-\- 

 9-72, figs. IS). — This is an elementary treatise dealing with some of the simpler 

 meteorological facts and weather signs. 



Evaporation conditions at Skokie Marsh, E. B. Shebff {Plant World, 16 

 {191S), No. 5, pp. 15^-160, fl&s. 4). — Observations made with Livingston porous 

 cup atmometers at four different places in this marsh showed that "expressed 

 in general terms, the e^tiporation rates were inversely proportionate to the 

 hydrophytism of the station." This is attributed chiefly to the greater amount 

 of atmospheric moisture and the tall rank vegetation where the station is hydro- 

 phytic. Evaporation studies made at different levels above the soil surface In 

 a dense growth of Phragmites communis and among Typha showed a syste- 

 matic increase in evaporation with rise In elevation. The evaporation at 198 

 cm. in the first case was 3 times that at the soil surface, and at 175 cm. in the 

 second case 10 times that at the soil surface. 



It is concluded that plants grovdng in proximity to each other, if vegetating 

 in different atmospheric strata above the soil surface, are subject to widely 

 different growth conditions. 



Evaporation from water and soil surfaces in the Livermore Valley of Cali- 

 fornia, T. W. ESTY {Engin. and Contract., S9 {1913), Nos. 18, pp. 50G-508, figs. 

 7; 19, pp. 52S-526, figs. 8). — Observations are recorded which indicate that "(1) 

 the evaporation from the area of the Livermore Valley formerly saturated and 

 supporting a dense growth of tules, willows, and wild celery, etc., was at least 

 66 in. per annum, and that under the present crop conditions the evaporation 

 over this area is at least that much per annum; (2) that over the area support- 

 ing salt grass and other wild grasses the evaporation is proportional to the depth 

 of water table, being at least 52 in. when the water table is near the surface; 

 (3) that the water loss by evaporation applicable to large water bodies in 

 Alameda CJounty averages 48 in. pa: annum, which In its application to the 



