EUEAL ECONOMICS. 189 



nnd make some suggestions as to how better results may be obtained. Among 

 their findings the following may be noted: (1) Right men must be found to 

 become small holders, it being stated that a laborer or a foreman on a well- 

 cultivated large farm usually does not make a successful small holder because 

 he undertakes economically unsuited systems of cropping and management ; 

 (2) there must be a system of education suited to the needs of rural life and 

 small holders; (3) a sound and economical way must be provided to meet the 

 demands for capital; (4) development in colonies and not in isolated units will 

 insure the greatest chance of success, as it gives greater opportunity for organi- 

 . zation and cooperation; and (5) equipment for the holding must be simplified 

 by providing only essentials at first, adding to them later on as the tenant 

 prospers, thus relieving him of interest charges on unnecessary equipment when 

 he can least afford to pay it. 



Agricultural laborers (Bd. Trade [Gt. Brit.], Rpt. Changes in Rates of 

 Wages and Hours of Labour, 1911, pp. 26-29, 137-139).— This part of the report 

 treats of changes in the rates of wages and hours of labor of regularly em- 

 ployed agricultural laborers of England and Wales in 1911 with comparative 

 stiitistlcs for 1902-1910. The information furnished applies to 030 rural dis- 

 tricts, or about 96 per cent of the whole. The changes noted in most of the dis- 

 tricts ranged from 6 pence to over 2 shillings per week. Tables are given show- 

 ing the amount of change in each district, the month or period in which the 

 change generally took place, and the number of laborers affected thereby. 



Insurance against damage to crops by hailstorms (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Lon- 

 don], 19 {1913), No. 12, pp. 1009-1013, pi. 1, fig. 1).— This article presents a gen- 

 eral summary of an investigation recently made in England and Wales as to 

 the amount of damage done to crops by hailstorms and the measures adopted in 

 regard to insuring against loss occasioned thereby. A list showing the premiums 

 charged for various crops per acre or £100 value of crop is given, fogether with 

 a statement, summarized for each county, of the correspondents' opinions of 

 the amounts of insurance affected and damage done by hailstorms. The usual 

 rate per acre for wheat, barley, oats, rye, straw, clover, turnips, and carrots is 

 6 pence and for beets and mangolds 1 shilling. Higher rates are charged for 

 beans and peas or special crops grown for seed. 



The potentialities of southern agriculture, J. F. Meeby (Manfrs. Ree., 63 

 (1913), No. 12, pt. 2, pp. ^3-Ji9, figs. iS).— The author discusses and illustrates 

 in this article the agricultural progress of 16 Southern States for the last 30 

 years, pointing out their agricultural possibilities by reason of their forests, 

 varieties of soil, diversity of crops, climate, markets, and transportation facili- 

 ties. The capital invested in farms in the States taken as a group is stated to 

 have increased from .$3,923,560,000 in 1890 to $10,961,865,000 in 1910, or 179 

 per cent, as compared with 156 per cent for the United States as a whole. 

 Data are given as to the acreage, yield, and value of several farm crops which 

 are successfully and profitably grown in the group. 



Agriculture: Porto Kico (Bur. of the Census [U. S.], BuL, Agr. Porto Rico, 

 1910. pp. 29, fig. i).— This bulletin presents a complete statement of the sta- 

 tistics of agriculture for Porto Rico collected in the census of 1910. 



The number of farms reported is 58,371, and the area of farm land 2,085,162 

 acres. The value of farm property, including land, buildings, implements and 

 machinery, and live stock amounted to $102,379,000, of which $73,968,000 repre- 

 sented the value of land, $8,753,000 buildings, and $8,711,000 implements and 

 machinery. The average value of land per farm is reported as $1,267 and of 

 buildings $150. Of the total number of farms 46,799 were operated by owners 

 and 10,422 by tenants. Of the number operated by owners 44,398, or 94.9 per 

 cent, were free from mortgage. 



