ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 65 



On the energy expenditure required for growth, A. Gouin and P. Andouabd 

 {Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol. [Paris], 72 (1912), No. 17, pp. 773-775; abs. in ZentU. 

 Expt. Med., 2 {1912), No. 11, p. ^95). — Eixperiments exteuding over 7 years were 

 made with young cattle to determine the energy expenditure required for growth. 



Apparently, this exiieuditure is a direct function of the volume of the body, 

 and is equivalent to 67.6 per cent of the caloric value of the assimilated matter. 

 The values for such energy expenditure calculated from theory were within 2 

 per cent or less of the values found by experiment. 



Sugar in the nutrition of man and animals, J. Ceochetelle {8ucr. Indig. 

 et Colon., 81 (1913), No. J,, pp. 74-78; 5, pp. 100-103; 6, pp. 125-129).— A sum- 

 mary of information on the nutritive value of sugar, molasses, and molasses 

 feeds. 



Lignocelluloses and animal assimilation, C. F. Cross (Chem. World, 2 

 (1913), No. 2, pp. 45, 46)- — ^A critical discussion of the digestibility of "crude 

 fiber " and " sawdust," with special reference to the need of investigations based 

 on a thorough understanding of the chemical process involved. 



The influence of function on the lime requirements of animals, H. Steen- 

 BOCK and E. B. Hart (Jour. Biol. Chem., 14 (1913), No. 2, pp. 59-73).— A lime 

 balance was maintained by a pig fed on a ration with a low lime content. Cal- 

 cium phosphate added to the ration was found to be a readily available source 

 of lime. A negative lime balance resulted from a ration of acid-extracted foods 

 having an initial low lime content. 



A goat yielding 2 qt. of milk per day on a low lime ration gave a negative 

 lime balance, though lime was available from oat straw. On a ration of oat 

 straw alone the lime retention was small, and little tissue could be formed 

 because of a deficiency in protein. After a return to normal condition and an 

 abundance of lime in the ration a positive lime balance resulted. 



The following conclusions are drawn : " The level of lime intake necessary for 

 maintenance is dependent upon the functional activity of various organs of the 

 body. A daily intake of about 0.3 gm. of CaO per 100 lbs. body weight covered 

 the metabolism losses of a mature barren pig. From 0.4 to 0.5 gm. of CaO per 

 100 lbs. body weight covered the metabolism loss of a mature dry goat. The 

 figures are not absolute and general, but will vary with the character of the 

 ration. 



" The mammary gland during its activity constitutes a severe drain upon the 

 skeletfil lime supply during periods of insufficient lime assimilation. During 

 periods of insufficient phosphorus assimilation, it indirectly causes a waste of 

 lime from the skeleton. An allowance of 1 gm. of lime in the ration per pound 

 of milk produced by a goat or cow should theoretically be ample. This, of 

 course, is in addition to the maintenance requirement. But at least twice the 

 above amount would be safer, due to the large losses of lime in the intestine 

 accompanying increased food consumption. The walls of the intestine with 

 their normal secretions may cause the loss of a sufficient amount of lime to 

 appreciably lower its ' coefficient of digestibility ' during periods of sufficient 

 lime inge.stion. When such conditions are complicated by physiological dis- 

 turbances a large negative balance of lime over an extended period of time may 

 result. Under normal conditions with a low lime ingestion the usual intestinal 

 losses may in themselves be the cause of a negative lime balance. 



" Intestinal and uriiiary losses of lime do not parallel. With very heavy in- 

 testinal losses the urinary excretion may remain unchanged. A liberal assimila- 

 tion of nitrogen does not necessarily imply an assimilation of lime, even when 

 the animal's supply of lime is considerably depleted. These are separate and 

 distinct functions of the alimentary tract. A perverted lime metabolism which 



