METEOROLOGY — WATER. 813 



direction of the wind during all months of the year was west. The average 

 date of the last killing frost in spring varied from May 4 at Clark to June 3 

 at Rawlins; the date of the first killing frost in autumn from September 11 at 

 Lander to October 14 at Clark. 



Meteorological, mag'netic, and seismic observations of the College of 

 Belen of the Society of Jesus, Havana, 1911, L. Gangoiti {Ohservatorio 

 Meteorologico, Magnetico y Seismico del Colegio de Belen de la Compatlia de 

 Jesus en la Hahana, aho de 1912. Havana, 1913, pp. 101, pis. 3). — Detailed re- 

 ports, largely tabular and diagrammatic, of the usual observations are pre- 

 sented. 



Meteorological observations at the Ploti Experiment Station, 1912, M. 

 Mabtynov {Godichnyl Otcliet Ploti. Selsk. Khoz. Opytn. Stantsii, 18 {1912), 

 pp. 1-76, 329-3^0, tahlcs 2). — Observations on temperature of the air and soil, 

 atmospheric pressure, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind during 1912 are re- 

 ported and discussed in relation to crop growth. 



Annual report of the director of the [Philippine] "Weather Bureau for the 

 year 1910, J. ALGtrf: (Ann. Bpt. [Philippine^ Weather Bur., 1910, pt. 1-2, 

 pp. 171). — This contains the administrative report for the fiscal year 1910 and 

 II record of hourly meteorological observations made at the central observatory 

 during the calendar year 1910. 



Precipitation and run-ofE, Ishikari River, Japan, with special relation to 

 ice conditions, B. Okazaki {Engin. 'News, 70 {1913), No. IS, pp. 850-852, figs. 

 3). — Results are given of a long series of gage observations, discharge deter- 

 minations, and precipitation records to determine the relation between annual 

 run-off and annual precipitation in this basin. In addition a study of dis- 

 charge measurements under ice conditions is noted. 



The deficient rainfall in the summer of 1913 {Engin. News, 70 {1913), 

 No. 19, p. 905). — Data for rainfall during May, June, July, and August in the 

 corn and wheat belt and the Atlantic and Gulf States are summarized in tables. 



•' Of the States in the corn and wheat districts, Kansas and Missouri report 

 the most abnormal conditions ; each falls approximately 8 in. short of the usual 

 summer rainfall. Minnesota is about normal, while Wisconsin is above by 

 nearly 2 in. The section average is below normal for each month except May, 

 when by some chance it was exactly normal. The average deficiency for the 

 section was 3.64 in." 



Among the Atlantic and Gulf States "Arkansas holds the drought record by 

 falling more than 7 in. below the normal rainfall. The section average was 

 consistently below normal during the entire summer ; and the average deficiency 

 for the section was 3.56 in. If, however, the Arkansas record were included 

 with the corn and wheat belt group, where in some respects it perhaps more 

 properly belongs, the average rainfall for the last named section would be even 

 lower." 



The relation of snow to irrigation and forestry, S. P. Fekgusson {Sci. Con- 

 spectus, 3 {1913), No. 5, pp. 152-157, figs. 5).— This article calls attention to the 

 importance to irrigation in semiarid regions of accurate information concerning 

 the amount and density of snowfall. 



Data from recent studies in the Sierra Nevada Mountains show a larger 

 snow accumulation in forests than on bare slopes and also an appreciable 

 difference in the amount retained by different kinds of trees, the fir and pine 

 forests being superior to others. 



The simplest method of determining mean snow depth has been by reading a 

 number of graduated board gages. Of the several methods described for de- 

 termining the water content of snow the method of measurement by section is 

 said to be most economical and efficient. 



