ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 757 



" Pupae require during the summer monttis from 19 to 23 days to hatcti. In 

 the winter — and at Laramie one can include the time from November 1 to May 

 1 — from 19 to 36 days are required in case the sheep are kept in the barn. 

 Were they turned outdoors in the cold wind, the probability is that in some 

 cases the period might increase to 40 or 45 days. The period of incubation is 

 greatly affected by the temperature, and therefore by the distance the pupie are 

 laid from the skin of the sheep, especially in the winter. 



" The time required for females to reach sexual maturity is variable. Gen- 

 erally it will be from 14 to 30 days. But it is also true that certain factors 

 might make the time much longer. Males and females are capable of copulating 

 within 3 or 4 days after hatching. 



" The whole life of the tick is spent on the sheep. They will not live more 

 than a few days off their host. 



" Female ticks were followed for 5* months. Some probably live much longer. 

 Many die earlier. There is a great mortaUty among the young before they 

 take their first meal. The change from life in a puparium, supplied with food 

 from the mother, to an independent existence on the sheep is naturally attended 

 with considerable mortality. 



" The number of pupje laid by a female depends upon the length of her life. 

 For a female living, say 4 mouths, the time one might regard as an average 

 life-time, the number is about 10 to 12 pupje. For one living 6 months, the 

 number is 15 or more. 



"The rate of pupa laying, counting from the time the first one is laid, is 

 about one pupa every 7 or 8 days." 



A list of Mallophaga found on introduced and domesticated animals in 

 Australia, T. H. Johnston and L. Harrison {Proc. Roy. 8oc. Queensland, 2^ 

 (1913), pp. 17-22).— This is a host list. 



Grasshoppers, J. S. Houser (Ohio Sta. Circ. 137, pp. 127-13 Jf, ffgs. 10).— 

 Several outbreaks of grasshoppers occurred in Ohio during 1912, the principal 

 ones being at Upper Sandusky, Berea, and Athens. The author tested several 

 means of control. 



Coccobacillus erausquinii n. sp., parasitic on Romalea miles in Argentina, 

 H. CuLLEN and C. Maggio (Bol. Min. Agr. [Buenos Aires'\, U (1912), No. 11- 

 12, pp. 1368-1373, figs. 3; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. 

 Intel, and Plant Diseases, J, (1913), No. 5, p. 825).— A detailed description is 

 given of C. erausquinii n. sp., which was isolated by the authors from diseased 

 locusts taken in January, 1912, in the Department of Las Colonias. It is said 

 to have many characteristics which distinguish it from C. acridiorum (E. S. R , 

 27, p. 357). 



The spruce aphis, A. Henry (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 54 (1913), No. 1384, PP. 

 4, 5, fig. 1). — An outbreak of Aphis aUctina is reported to have occurred during 

 1913 in the north and south of England and in Ireland, the spruce trees having 

 been killed through being defoliated. Some species are not at all or very rarely 

 infested by this aphid, others are infested but suffer little from its attack, while 

 still others are entirely defoliated and subsequently die. The injury is not con- 

 fined to young trees, although these are generally more severely injured than 

 are the mature trees. In a large nursery in the south of England nearly the 

 whole of the stock of Picea sitchensis, P. pungens, and P. alba is said to have 

 been seriously damaged or killed, and many of the plants of the common spruce 

 were reported killed in one of the northern nurseries. 



A coccid injuring- tobacco, G. Leonardi (Bol. Tec. Coltiv. Tabacchi [Scafati], 

 12 (1913), No. 2, pp. 75-80, figs. 4)-— A. mealy bug observed at Scafati in the 

 Province of Salerno, where it attacks Nicotiana colossea and the hybrid 



