892 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



si)ecific volumes and temperatures of saturated vapors of hydrocarbons and 

 the volumes of air required for the combustion of different hydrocarbons and 

 gases. Distillation curves showing the complexity of commercial products and 

 crude oil, and products prepared therefrom, are given. A consideration and 

 comparison of the various methods of utilizing liquid fuels in internal com- 

 bustion engines indicate that extremely fine spraying will not only increase the 

 rate of evaporation but also will so reduce the size of any drops of liquid which 

 remain at the time of combustion that there can be no appreciable amount of 

 so-called cracking and consequent formation and deposition of carbon before 

 they are completely vaporized and burnt. 



Attention is called to the handicapping property of kerosene in that it is apt 

 to form vapors which will ignite at low temperatures, causing preignition. In 

 addition it is stated that kerosene engines adjusted to run smoothly at low and 

 medium loads will pound at high loads. 



Experiments indicate that the use of water in kerosene and other oil engines 

 materially improves operating conditions but that the behavior of water under 

 these circumstances is very complicated and depends largely upon the quantity, 

 which for proper results must vary with, but not as, the load, with the size of 

 engine, cylinder dimensions, clearance, degree of compression, speed, average 

 temperature maintained in the metallic parts, and the method and time of 

 introducing the fuel. 



Oil for internal-combustion engines {Power, S8 (1913), No. 1, pp. 15, 16). — 

 Data on the present oil situation are followed by specifications for oil engine 

 fuels and lubricating oils taken from, a report by I. C. Allen and presented 

 before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 



Pressures in gasoline engines, G. A. Field {Poirer, .38 {1913), No. 2, p. 56, 

 fig. 1). — Curves are given showing variations in percentage of clearance, com- 

 pression pressures, and temperatures, and normal explosion pressures. 



The motor and the dynamo, J. L. Arnold {Easton, Pa., and London, 191S, 

 pp, V-}-178, figs. 166). — This work, intended for the student and practical elec- 

 trician, deals with the theory and practical application of both direct and 

 alternating current machinery. The mathematical principles underlying the 

 theory of the operation of electrical machinery are presented and additional 

 chapters are given on the dynamo machine, operation and characteristics of 

 the direct current dynamo, the direct current motor, the alternating current 

 and its measurement, and alternating current machinery. 



Practical power for the brick industry and for threshing, Charbonnier 

 {MascJiinen Ztg., 11 {1913), No. 8, pp. 89-53).— Working data are given from 

 comparative service tests of saturated and superheated steam engines, gasoline 

 and kerosene internal combustion engines, and electric motors working in brick 

 plants and at threshing for annual working periods of 75, 1.50, 225, and 300 days 

 under the two average power requirements of 16 and 22 h. p. Under all these 

 conditions and for both uses the steam engine is considered the most economical 

 when the utilization of exhaust and other heat losses is taken into account, 

 and can be surpassed by the electric motor only in case the annual working 

 period is short and the cost of electric current very low. 



The care and use of agricultural machinery, Holldack {Flugschr. Dent. 

 Landw. Gesell., 1913, No. 16, pp. 57, figs. 28). — A general discussion of permis- 

 sible speeds of operation, setting-up, and adjustment of machinery, drive belts 

 and chains, lubrication, annual inspection and repair, and protection from the 

 weather is followed by directions for the proper care and use of plows, har- 

 rows, rollers, wagons, manure spreaders, drills, mowers, hay rakes and tedders, 

 elevators, threshing machines, grain cleaning machines, feed cutters, feed 



