286 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOBD. 



lymphoid cells are also Increased. The latter at times represent the majority 

 of cells present. The lymphoid cells are to be regarded principally as precursors 

 of the erythrocytes, and accordingly the blood picture present in fowl tuber- 

 culosis must be regarded as a mixture of leucocytosis and pernicious anemia. 

 Like tuberculosis in fowls the so-called leukemia can be considered a variety 

 of pernicious anemia. According to the author no marked difference exists in 

 the blood picture presented in both of these diseases, but in no case was it pos- 

 sible to obtain a leukemia blood picture by injecting tubercle bacilli into 

 animals. 



The more recent work done in regard to fowl leukemia does not point to a 

 filterable virus as the factor causing the disease. 



The relative prevalence of human and bovine types of tubercle bacilli in 

 bone and joint tuberculosis occurring in children, J. Fraser (Jour. Expt. 

 Med., 16 {1912), No. J/, pp. JiS2-.'i-'i2). — These observations were made with chil- 

 dren chiefly 12 years of age or under, inhabiting Edinburgh and its neighbor- 

 hood, and a large number of them inmates of the Royal Hospital for Sick Chil- 

 dren. All material examined was obtained by operation, and of a total of 70 

 subjects, 39 were cases of joint disease, and the remainder bone disease. 



No attempt was made to isolate the bacilli by direct cultivation, and all were 

 obtained by guinea pig inoculation. All guinea pigs were allowed to live for 

 6 weeks and a careful record of each animal was kept. The most satisfactory 

 cultures were obtained from the caseous interiors of diseased glands. 



Most of the eases (29) up to the fourth year of age were due to bovine bacilli. 

 At this age 9 were due to the human type, and 3 were of a doubtful type. Of 

 the 70 cases, 26 were due to the human type of organism. In 21 cases there 

 was a history of pulmonary tuberculosis in the families in which the children 

 had lived, and in 50 per cent of these the child had actually lived in contact 

 with a consumptive when the bone lesion developed. Seventy-one per cent of such 

 cases were due to the human type of bacillus. " The bovine bacillus is intro- 

 ducd into the system practically by one route only, that of ingestion, and the 

 medium with which it is ingested is cow's milk." 



Investigations in regard to the early stages of tuberculosis in bovines, 

 E. JoEST and P. Kracht-Pale-jeff (Ztschr. Infcktionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 

 12 {1912), No. If, pp. 299-320, pis. 5). — The mammary glands examined were 

 from 16 animals having generalized tuberculosis. Some of them came from 

 animals which were in the lactating stage. The lymphatic glands of the super- 

 numerary mammary glands of these animals were in most instances not 

 enlarged, but in 50 per cent of the cases tubercle bacilli were detected in them 

 with the guinea pig test. 



The remainder of the material reported upon deals with the young tubercles 

 in the intralobular interstitial tissue and its histogenesis, and the tubercles in 

 the discharging galactoferous ducts of the mammary gland. It is concluded 

 that both disseminated and focalized (submiliary) tuberculosis of the interal- 

 veolar tissues and the more diffuse tuberculosis of the galactoferous discharging 

 ducts can be considered open forms of the disease even though the disease is 

 not clinically apparent. 



Combating tuberculosis among bovines in barns, O. von Arnim {Illns. 

 Landw. Ztg., 33 {1913), No. 4, PP. 21, 22, fig. -?).— The method recommended 

 consists of making a permanent pasture into which the young animals are 

 turned as soon as they are weaned. They are kept in the pasture from early 

 spring until late fall, and forced to gather their own feed. Any of the old or 

 young stock which is suspected of being tuberculous is sold. The animals which 

 can be fattened, however, should be placed in separate pens for this purpose. 



The methods of pasturing and the expenses involved are stated. 



