ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 369 



Cattle raising' in Tunis. — Crossing zebus with native cattle, M. Rojdereb 

 {Bui. Agr. Alg^rie et Tunisie, 19 (1913), No. S, pp. _/76-i 82). —Historical notes 

 on cattle raising in Tunis are followed by an account of attempts to improve 

 native cattle by crossing with several European breeds but more especially with 

 the zebn. 



The offspring from the F^uropean-native crosi=es are almost always superior 

 to the native cattle, but they are not immune to the cattle diseases of Tunis. 

 The zebu-native hybrids, which are described in detail, are immune to almost 

 all of the local diseases. They are larger than the native cattle, weighing from 

 500 to 600 kg. (1,100 to 1,320 lbs.) per head, produce excellent beef, make good 

 work cattle though somewhat wild, and are fair milkers, giving milk of good 

 quality. 



Crosses between Alg-au and African cattle, Spann (Dcut. Landiv. Tierzucht, 

 11 {1913), No. 2, pp. 18-20, fig. 1; ahs. in Internet. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui 

 Agr. Intel, and Plnvt Diseases, // {1913), No. 3, pp. J/Sl, //3S).— Algau bulls 

 crossed with the native cows of Cape Province produced offspring with greater 

 weight, broader rump, and increased milk production. 



Calf rearing' on the emulsion system, P. Schuppli {Intcrnat. Inst. .Agr. 

 [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, k {1913), No. 2, pp. 167-173). — 

 This is a report of work carried on at the Grabnerhof school of Alpine econ- 

 omy during 1905-1912, testing the economic and feeding value of the emulsion 

 system of rearing calves, as compared with the whole milk method. 



The emulsion milk is made by adding 35 gm. of coconut fat to 1 liter of skim 

 milk, thereby producing milk of about 3^ per cent fat content. This mixture is 

 heated to 60° C. and passed through an emulsion drum, thoroughly incor- 

 porating the fat globules in the bulk of the milk. To prevent scouring, the skim 

 milk is previously pasteurized. 



On the emulsion system 258 calves tested made an average daily gain per 

 calf of 1.82 lbs. The cost of rearing heifer calves on whole milk and some 

 skim milk averaged fll 8s (about $55) per calf, while those reared on whole 

 milk, emulsion milk, and skim milk cost £8 7Ad. The cost of rai.sing bull calves 

 was somewhat greater, as were also the gains from substituting the emulsion. 



Comparisons of different breeds of sheep, R. Wallace {Jour. Farmers' 

 Club [London], 1912, Dec, pp. 128-Ul). — A general discussion of breed charac- 

 teristics of the sheep, the influence of environment upon breed tyi>e, the effect of 

 soil and climate, the changes resulting from the crossing of breeds, the economic 

 importance of the different breeds, and other related subjects. 



Influence of Cheviot on the Kentish sheep, W. J. Malden {Live Stock Jour. 

 [Londo7i], 77 {1913), No. 20JtO, p. J,92, figs. /,).— This article discusses the prob- 

 able effect on the quality of wool of the Kentish sheep as a result of a former 

 impregnation with Cheviot blood. 



[Carcass competition records — sheep], R. Wallace {Jour. Farmers' Club 

 [London], 1912, Dee., pp. I'i2-153). — A report of a carcass competition in sheep, 

 giving data on the live weights, dressed weights, fat, pluck, and skin, of long- 

 wooled, short-wooled, and crossbred wethers. 



Sheep raising in Ontario {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 211f, 1913, pp. 16). — This 

 is a report of 2 years' work in sheep feeding trials on 9 different farms to 

 determine the possible profits accruing from practical feeding operations. The 

 average size of the flocks was 11 ewes, which produced an average of 14 lambs 

 per flock per year. Data are given on the cost of feed for both ewes and lambs, 

 with a detailed account of their disposal and the receipts thei-efrom. 



The cost per flock, including feed for lambs and ewes, the losses, and interest 

 on investment, ranged between $39.43 and $123.39 per flock, depending upon a 



