DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 375 



The iibove data indicate tliat " the yield of butter fat increased with tlie 

 average body weight of the cows, and the feed units eaten, the cost of the 

 feed, and net returns likewise increased as the weight of the cows increased." 

 These results are explained on the presumption that "a large animal has a 

 relatively smaller body surface than a small animal, and the radiation of heat 

 from the former is therefore proportionately smaller than that from a small 

 animal ; hence a larger proportion of the feed eaten by heavy cows is available 

 for milk production, and per unit of feed eaten a larger production is made 

 and greater net returns secured from the herd in the case of such cows." The 

 author would not discountenance the smaller breeds of cattle on this account, 

 but concludes that " large animals within a breed are on the whole preferable 

 to small ones and may be depended on, as a general proposition, to make both 

 the largest and most economical production of dairy products for their owners." 



There is included a discussion of the items of expense and comparative finan- 

 cial returns for large and light types of cattle. 



The milking- trials, 1912, F. J. Lloyd {Jour. Brit. Dairy Farmers' Assoc, 

 27 {1913), pp. ,97-i5S).— Milking trials with 109 cows of the Shorthorn, Lincoln- 

 shire Red, Jersey, Guernsey, Red Poll, Ayrshire, South Devon, Kerry, and 

 Dexter breeds indicated in 1912 a higher yield with richer quality than during 

 previous years. This is thought to be due in part " to the growing appreciation 

 of milk records which enable dairy farmers to discover and select the best cows 

 worthy to compete in the milking trials." From these trials it was noted that 

 " as a general rule, while the morning's milk contains less fat than the evening's 

 milk, on the other hand it almost invariably contains more solids other than 

 fat than the evening's milk. This is all the more striking, because, as a rule, 

 milk rich in fat contains high solids other than fat. The former appears to be 

 a diurnal variation common to all breeds, the latter a breed characteristic, those 

 breeds giving most fat also giving most solids other than fat." 



Eeport of dairymen {Landw. Jalirl). Bayern, 2 {1912), No. 1, pp. 66-111). — 

 Records of 1.000 cows are given, including milk yields, percentage of butter fat, 

 and length of lactation period. 



Cow-testing' associations, G. H. Hibberd and G. E. Wolcott {Maryland 

 Sta. Bui. 169, pp. 29-72, figs. 7). — An account of the first year's work of the first 

 Maryland cow-testing association, with detailed herd records furnished the 

 station by this and other associations and individuals, and a discussion of dairy 

 rations. 



The present state of dairy cow testing- {Internat. Inst. Agr. [TJo-nie], Bui. 

 Bur. A'gr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, S {1912), No. 10, pp. 2216-22.'i8).— This 

 includes a bibliography of publications on herd testing, and a detailed account 

 of the work of associations in Denmark, Switzerland. Germany, Sweden, and 

 elsewhere. 



The elimination of the unprofitable cow, J. Wilson {Mark Lane Express, 

 109 {1913), No. .',261, pp. 7//7, 749). — The author presents a diagram illustrating 

 the relations of the 3 factors of cost of production, milk yield, and selling price, 

 and demonstrating the possible variation in profits as these factors A-ary. 

 Methods of breeding for high production are also considered. 



Report of the dairy commissioner, C. Marker {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. 

 Alberta, 1911, pp. 98-132, pi. 1). — This report includes a consideration of the 

 items of expense incurred in creamery practice. It is claimed that there is 

 approximately 6 cts. difference per pound of butter in operating expense against 

 a creamery with a yearly output of 10,000 lbs., as compared with one of 115,000 

 lbs. Data are presented on the output and financial returns of goA^ernmeut 

 operated plants ; also a discussion of the government system of cream grading 

 and the paying of a premixim for quality. 



