FORESTRY. 543 



The organization of a fruit distributing system, J. A. Reid (Utah Sta. 

 Circ. 11, pp. 124-136). — This comprises an analysis of the Califoraia Fruit 

 Growers' Exchange, including a statement of the difficulties encountered in 

 organizing the exchange and suggestions relative to the development of a co- 

 operative selling organization in Utah. 



The home preparations of lime and sulphur mixtures, A. J. Farley (New 

 Jersey Stas. Circ. 24, pp. 3-8). — This circular contains practical directions, 

 based on the latest scientific knowledge as well as on actual experience, for the 

 home preparation of both concentrated lime-sulphur and self-boiled lime-sulphur, 



British violets, Mks. E. S. Gkegoey {Cambridge, England, 1912, pp. XXIII -{- 

 lOS, pis. 4, figs. 2S). — A monograph on the British forms of the genus Viola. 

 The descriptions given are based on studies of herbarium sheets and also on 

 living specimens, both in the field and in cultivation. A bibliography of con- 

 sulted literature is included. 



FORESTRY. 



Review of Forest Service investigations {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Rev. Forest 

 Scrv. Investigations, 2 (WIS), pp. 92, pis. 5). — The present number comprises 

 the following papers and those noted on pp. 531, 533, 543, and 570). 



Biennial fructification of Alaska cypress {Chamwcyparis nootkatensis) , G. B. 

 Sudworth (pp. 7, S). — Recent investigations by the author show that this species 

 requires 2 years to mature its fruit. 



Relation of grazing to timber reproduction, A. W. Sampson and W. A. Dayton 

 (pp. 18-24). — The study here reported was started in the spring of 1911 on the 

 Shasta National Forest to determine from a silvicultural standpoint the amount 

 and seriousness of injury due to grazing cattle, goats, and sheep; the season 

 of greatest injury; the relative damage to the various economically important 

 tree species ; the actual extent of injury from both browsing and trampling ; 

 and under what conditions grazing may aid forest reproduction. A count made 

 at the beginning of the 1912 grazing season showed that out of the total of 

 11,040 seedlings and sjiplings under 5 ft. 6 in. in height 1,822 were grazed, 

 161 were trampled. 3 killed by stock, and 152 killed by agencies other than 

 stock. From the study thus far made the only cases of serious injury from the 

 silvicultural standpoint have been found on the goat and sheep ranges. The 

 work is to be continued. 



Eradication of chaparral by goat grazing, J. H. Hatton (pp. 25-28). — The ex- 

 periment here reported was started in the Lassen National Forest in 1909 for 

 the purpose of determining the practicability of using goats in exterminating 

 chaparral where the manzanita makes up a large portion of the brush, the ulti- 

 mate aim being to prepare the areas for artificial or natural reproduction. 

 While the results are not conclusive from a scientific standpoint, the con- 

 clusion reached is that the experiment is not practical. Although goats, if 

 confined and starved to it, will destroy almost any type of brush, considerable 

 injury is apt to be done to seedlings hidden through the brush, and the desired 

 results in brush extermination do not compensate for the loss in growth and 

 condition of the goats. 



A microscopic study of the mechanical failure of wood, W. D. Brush (pp. 

 33-38). — The present study is a part of the general problem of the correlation 

 of the microscopic structure of wood with its physical and mechanical proper- 

 ties which the Forest Service is investigating. The material and methods of 

 study ai"e described, and consideration is given to the failure of wood fibers 

 under compression parallel with the fibers, longitudinal shear, tension, com- 

 pression across the fibers, and bending; relation of thickness of fiber walls to 

 manner of failure under compression parallel with the fibers and longitudinal 



