1920] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 55 



tion of the eggs and about a month for the larvae. Pupation takes place in 

 loose cocoons in the ground. After about a month in the ground second genera- 

 tion moths appear, though some do not emerge until the following spring. The 

 second generation moths appear during late July, August, and very early Sep- 

 tember and oviposit between the sheath and stalk of grasses or grains just 

 below the upper blades. These larvje reach maturity in September and enter 

 the soil to pupate, going much deeper than those of the first generation, some- 

 limes as deep as 6 in. 



The pest is kept in check chiefly by parasites, of which there are several of 

 importance. Control measures consist in the use of furrows or ditches, arsen- 

 icals, the prompt thrashing of grain, and cultural methods. 



A bulletin on Meliana albilinea (Hiiber) by Webster in Iowa, where it was 

 a source of injury to timothy, has been noted (B. S. R., 25, p. 55). 



Cutworms and army worms, W. C. Cook {Off. State Ent. Minn. Circ. 52 

 (1920), pp. 8, figs. 13). — This popular account includes a key for the determi- 

 nation of the more common Minnesota cutworms. 



Cotton ivorm control, W. E. Hinds (Alabama Col. Sta. Circ. 42 (1919), pp. 

 63-68, figs. 9). — This is a discussion of control measures for the cotton worm. 



Xotes on Elachista with descriptions of new species ( Microlepidop- 

 tera), A. P. ^rav^ (Ohio Jour. Sci., 20 (1920), No. 5, pp. 157-172).— Notes 

 are given on 7 species, 4 of the 5 species described as new having been reared 

 from mines of leaves of grasses and sedges. Many of the larvje which feed 

 on the basal overwintering leaves begin to mine in autumn, completing their 

 growth early in spring. Some species are strictly confined to one species of 

 grass as a food plant, and in some instances to certain parts of the plant. Most 

 of the species are single-brooded. 



The Hessian fly and how to prevent losses from it, W. R. Walton (U. S. 

 Dept. Agr., Farmers' Btil. 1083 (1920), pp. 16, figs. 13).— A summary of infor- 

 mation on the Hessian fly and means for its control. 



The experimental infection in England of Anopheles plumbeus and A. 

 bifurcatus, with Plasmodium vivax, B. Blacklock and H. F. Carter (Ann. 

 Trop. Med. and Parasitol., 13 (1920), No. 4, pp. 413-^20) .—'' \\ e have been 

 able to infect laboratory -bred A. plumbeus with P. vivax. At 28° C. [82.4° F.] 

 infections of the gut and salivary glands were obtained ; at room temperature 

 (maximum 26°, minimum 17°) gut infection only was obtained. We have also 

 produced infection of the gut with P. vivax in the case of A. bifurcatus at 28°. 

 This is, we consider, the first experimental evidence produced that A. plumbeus 

 Is capable of becoming infected with a malaria parasite. As regards A. bifur- 

 catus, we have proved that in England the native form of this mosquito is 

 capable of being infected with malaria at 28°." 



Observations on Anopheles (Coelodiazesis) plumbeus, Stephens, with 

 special reference to its breeding; places, occurrence in the Uverpool dis- 

 trict, and possible connection with the spread of malaria, B. Blacklock 

 and H. F. Carter (Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol., 13 (1920), No. 4, pp. 4^1- 

 444, fig. 1). — This paper includes a bibliography of four pages. 



Warble flies (Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis) , S. Hadwen (Canada 

 Dept. Agr., Health Anim. Brancli Bui. 21 (1919), pp. 24, pis. 2, figs. 23).— This 

 is a summary of information on these two warble flies, based in part upon in- 

 vestigations previously noted (E. S. R., 39, p. 157). The present status of 

 knowledge of the two species is summarized as follows : 



" H. lineatum lays its eggs as early as April 15, but the usual laying period 

 is during the month of May. At Agassiz they have never been captured later 

 than May 30. H. bovis begins to lay in the early part of June and continues 

 182230°— 20 5 



