1020] VETERTXARV MKDTCINK, 183 



flora of the digestive tube of (lie fetus or livinj; calf necessarily chniifros very 

 soon after the end of the intrauterine life, nothinj? was to be gained by 

 making more than the initial examination of the meconium. As a result of 

 tlie Initial examination of the meconium and the uterus there were 3 of the 

 12 jtairs of cases (uterus and meconium) that gave negative results. Jiacillua 

 coli communior and Staph i/lococciis pi/ogeues aureus were found in only one 

 pair of cases. B. colt communior was found in three other pairs of cases, 

 making its total appearance in 5 of the 12 pairs of cases or in G out of J) 

 cases of the meconium and 5 out of 11 cases of the uterus that showed any 

 organisms at all. S. pyogenes aurevs was found in a total of 3 uteri and in 4 

 nieconia. S. pyo<jenes hovis was found in 2 pairs of cases and in a total of 4 

 uteri and in 2 meconia. 



" The only other organism significant by its appearance in both uterus and 

 mec(tnium was a streptococcus of liigli vii-ulence, except that in the pair of 

 cases [designated] B. S. and B. S. A, tliere may have been an identity of a 

 colon organism and a bacterium. 



" AVe are tlierefore inclined to believe that B. coli communior, 8. pyogenes 

 aureus, and S, pyogenes bovis are very likely to occur in the uterus as well 

 as in the digestive tube of the calf in cases of metritis. Dr. Stafseth has found 

 similar organisms .in the deeper layers of the mucosae in cases of metritis, and 

 has not found Bacterium abortus in the deeper layers. . . . B. abortus was 

 found only once in the uterus and in no case in meconium." 



Wliite or calf scours, W. L, Williams, W. A. Hagan, and C. M. Carpenter 

 (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 51 {1920), No. 2, pp. 124-1^6, figs. 7; also in Vet. 

 Alumni Quart. [Ohio State Unii\], 7 (1920), No. //, pp. 305-328, figs. 8).— In 

 this paper, presented at the annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical 

 Association at Kew Orleans in November, 1919, the authors discuss the causes 

 and etiology of white scours or calf scours and describe methods for its pre- 

 vention and cure. 



Methods for prevention include the scientific handling of the infections of 

 the genii al organs of the mother prior to breeding; prevention of infection 

 from the mother by not allowing the calves to suckle, by washing and disin- 

 fecting the udder of the cows before milk is drawn to feed the ealves, and by 

 feeding the calves from sterile vessels ; prevention of infection from other 

 calves by the use of clean isolated stalls ; control of the infection in the diges- 

 tive tract of the calves by not feeding milk until the animal is at least 24 hours 

 old, by the use of high enemas of physiologic salt solution twice daily for 

 several days, and by the use of calf-scours serum in doses of from 10 to 30 cc. 

 twice daily for at least two days. When the calf is 24 hours of age a ration 

 of whole milk equal to 2 per cent of its body weight is given twice daily, the 

 amount being gradually increased after four or five days. If raw milk is 

 u.«ed, that from the calf's own mother is recommended on account of tlie 

 presence in it of antibodies against infection in the alimentary canal of the 

 caHf. Simultaneously with the first feed of milk and the third do.se of serum 

 the calf-scours bacterin should be given, commencing with doses of 1 cc. and 

 increasing l)y 1 cc. each day until 10 or 12 cc. have been given. After the calf 

 has thus acquired resistance to alimentary infections the use of boiled milk is 

 recommended. This may also be used in place of raw milk from the start if 

 calf-scours serum and bacterins are administered freely. 



Similar methods are recommended for the treatment of calves suffering from 

 scours or pneunronia. The food should be immediately withdrawn, high 

 enemas given, and large df)ses of serum administered, followed by bacterins 

 as soon as tlie diarrhea is checked. 



