1920] FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 665 



provide accessory food factors and other nutritive materials for the cells of 

 higber function." 



VI. The influence of a scorbutic diet on the bladder (pp. 279-282). — The 

 vffects of a scorbutic diet on the bladder wore studied in live guinea pigs fed 

 on crushed oats and autoclaved milk, while the controls were fed on the same 

 diet, with an abundance of green vegetables. 



The animals fed on the scorbutic diet died within periods varying from 19 

 to 29 days. One only developed clinical signs of scurvy, and in two only were 

 naked-eye evidences of a scorbutic state obvious at autopsy. In all, histological 

 examination showed the presence of hemorrhagic infiltration of the adrenals, 

 the kidneys, the liver, and the intestine.s. The heart's blood of the animal 

 exhibiting clinical evidences of scurvy yielded a coliform organism on culture. 

 The adrenalin content of the suprarenal glands in this animal was very low. 



Evidences of derangement of the bladder were noted as follows : Hematuria 

 was observed in the animal showing clinical evidences of scurvy. In all cases 

 on autopsy the bladder proved to be empty and tightly contracted. The 

 histological changes consisted in congestion of all coats with hemorrhagic 

 infiltration of the mucous membrane and degenerative changes in the epithelium 

 of the mucous membrane. These consisted in swelling of the epithelial cells 

 and their nuclei and desquamation of degenerated cells. 



"Considered from the clinical point of view, these findings afford an ex- 

 planation of the comparatively frequent occurrence of hematuria in human 

 scurvy. They indicate that this symptom, which is usually a late manifestation 

 of the scorbutic state in man, is the clinical evidence of an extreme degree of 

 congestive and degenerative change in the mucous coat and epithelial lining of 

 the bladder. They indicate also that congestive states of the bladder may 

 occur in guinea pigs, fed on a scorbutic diet, which exhibit no obvious clinical 

 evidences of .scurvy during life and little or no naked-eye pathological evidences 

 of this malady after death. 



" Congestion of the bladder without clinical evidences of hematuria may, then, 

 be regardcKl as a proscorbutic process in guinea pigs. This being so, a point of 

 practical importance to the physician is to ascertain, by clinical and thera- 

 peutical observation, whether congestion of the bladder may not be so produced 

 in man, and if so whether certain abnormalities of micturition may not some- 

 times be evidences of a prescorbutic state in human beings, especially in chil- 

 dren." 



VII. The effects of antoclaved'rice dietaries on the gastro-intcsthial tract of 

 monkcyst (pp. 283-307). — The object of the investigation described in this pajier 

 was the production of beriberi in monkeys by means of dietaries of autoclaved 

 rice, but as the animals, after several days, refused to eat, the study finally re- 

 solved itself into observations of the effects of malnutrition. Two diets were 

 used, one consisting of autoclaved rice alone and the other of autoclaved rice and 

 butter. The animals fed on autoclaved rice alone dietl in an average of 23.4 

 days, while those receiving butter died in an average of 15 days. The clinical, 

 pathological, bacteriological, and histological evidences of the resulting gastro- 

 intestinal disease are discus.sed in full and summarized as follows: 



"Congestive, necrotic, and inflammatory changes in the mucous membrane of 

 the entire tract. Degenerative changes in the neuro-muscular mechanism of 

 the entire tract, leading to dilatation of the stomach, ballooning of areas of the 

 small and large bowel, and probably also to the intussusceptions which so 

 frequently occur. 



" Pronounced necrotic changes in the secretory elements of the entire gastro- 

 intestinal tract — of the gastric glands, the pyloric glands, the glands of Brunner, 



