666 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.43 



the glands of Lieberkiihn, and of the mucous glands of the colon. These changes 

 are such as must cause grave derangement of the digestive and assimilative 

 processes. 



" Intense toxic absorption from the diseased bowel as evidenced by the changes 

 in the colonic mesenteric glands. 



" Impairment of the protective resources of the entire gastro-inteslinal mucosa 

 against infecting agents, leading to infection of the mucous membrane by ' patho- 

 genic saprophytes ' and by ingested pathogenic organisms. These infections give 

 rise to gastritis, enteritis, colitis, and frequently to hemic infections. The 

 occurrence of dysentery in these circumstances is a most significant finding. 



" In the present experiment the gastro-intestinal lesions described were initi- 

 ated by dietaries too rich in carbohydrates and too poor in other essential 

 attributes of a perfectly balanced ration. With this combination the physician is 

 familiar in the dietaries of human beings. It may be expected, then, that gastro- 

 intestinal lesions of like kind, if not of like degree, will result in man from the 

 continued use of such dietaries." 



VIII. The general effects of deficient dietaries on monkeys (pp. 30S-341). — 

 In this paper are summarized the general effects on monkeys of the dietaries 

 used in the preceding study, representing, in the case of the autoclaved rice, 

 a dietary deficient in suitable protein, in fat, and in acces.sory food factors of 

 all three classes and excessively rich in starch, and in the case of the autoclaved 

 rice and butter, one deficient in suitable protein and in accessory food factors of 

 the B and C classes, and excessively rich in starch and fat. In addition, a series 

 of monkeys was fed a diet of autoclaved food (rice, wheat bread, milk, and pea- 

 nuts) to which a small ration of fresh onion was added. This diet was deficient 

 in accessory food factors of the A and B classes. A fourth series was fed on the 

 last-mentioned diet plus butter, this representing a diet deficient only in acces- 

 sory food factors of the B class and excessively rich in fats. 



The average lengths of time in which the monkeys survived on the various 

 diets were as follows : Autoclaved rice, 23.4 days ; autoclaved rice and butter, 15 ; 

 autoclaved food and fresh onion, 70 ; and autoclaved food, onion, and butter, 100 

 days. 



The total loss of weight in monkeys on all four diets was from 25 to 32 

 per cent of the original weight of the animal, the loss being most rapid on the 

 diet of autoclaved rice and butter. 



The clinical symptoms were similar in all four cases, but appeared later 

 in monkeys whose food was more perfectly balanced as to protein and carbo- 

 hydrate. Symptoms referable to the nervous system were loss pronrinent and 

 appeared later than those of the digestive system. 



The changes taking place in the weight of the organs were in general the 

 same in kind as those previously reported for pigeons, although differing 

 somewhat in degree. The atrophy of the testicles and spleen was less than 

 in the case of the pigeons. The lungs of the monkeys showed a marked re- 

 duction in weight, while those of the pigeons showed an increase on the auto- 

 claved rice and butter diet. 



The main pathological states observed, aside from the enlargement or 

 atrophy of the organs, consisted of dilatation of the stomach, gastritis, duo- 

 denitis, enteritis, ballooning of the small intestines, intussusception, colitis, 

 atrophy of the muscular coats of the bowel, complete loss of fat from the 

 omentum, and enlargement of the abdominal lymphatic glands. 



The general conclusions applicable to human nutrition are as follows: 



" Dietaries which are deficient in vitamins and in protein, and at the same 

 time excessively rich in starch or in fat or in both, are potent sources of 



!• 



