RURAL ECONOMICS. 91 



tenant to become land proprietors. We believe that this, if carried out wisely 

 and intelligently, will have a large share in minimizing industrial unrest and 

 in adding to the wealth of the Nation, both materially and in the quality of its 

 citizenship." 



Bural credit, cooperation, and agricultural organization in Europe, R. 

 Mktcalf and C. G. Black {Olympia, Wash.: Govt., 1915, pp. 293). — This is a 

 report of the members from the State of Washington of the American Commis- 

 sion which studied rural credit systems of Europe as to their adaptability in 

 the United States and to the agricultural needs of Washington. 



The authors discuss agricultural cooperative organizations and credit systems 

 as found in Germany, Italy, Austria, the Balkan States, Russia, Switzerland, Bel- 

 gium, Holland, Denmark, France, and the United Kingdom, and conclude their 

 study by stating that Washington can probably obtain better credit by adopting 

 the Landscliaften system of collective security with the amortization plan of 

 repayment. This system necessitates a guaranty that the security, individual or 

 collective, land or personal, shall not deteriorate in value at any time during the 

 loan. In order to bring this about dairying and raising beef cattle are deemed 

 essential in the grain belt of eastern Washington and the logged-off lands of 

 western Washington. Agricultural education in schools and high schools should 

 be made practical and should receive greater emphasis. Standardizing crops 

 and stock is greatly needed to facilitate the organization of cooperative market- 

 ing organizations. 



The authors conclude that " whatever rural credit or cooperative organiza- 

 tions may be provided by legislation, the farmers must take the initiative in 

 their creation, must take their management, so that their success and the benefit 

 for the entire State, since what benefits the farmer of necessity benefits the 

 State, may be due to and belong to only the farmers themselves." 



Report of the cooperative organization branch [of the Saskatchewan 

 Department of Agriculture] (Arm. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Saskatcheican, 10 (1914), 

 pp. 18S-208, fig. 1). — In these pages are described the origin of the cooperative 

 organization branch of the department, the agricultural cooperative associa- 

 tions' act, the work of typical purchasing and marketing associations, and the 

 success of the branch in the cooperative marketing of wool. There are also 

 given data showing the number of cooperative organizations and the extent 

 of their transactions. 



International annual of agricultural legislation, 1914 (Inst. Internat. Agr. 

 [Romel, Ann. Internat. Leg. Agr., 4 (1914), pp. LXVIII+1019) .—This volume 

 continues the information previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 191), adding later 

 decrees and laws. 



[International statistics of agriculture] (Statis. Jahrb. Deut. Reich, S6 

 (1915), pp. 22*-30*). — This continues information previously noted (E. S. R., 

 31, p. 790), adding data for later years. 



Monthly crop report [U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 1 (1915), No. 5, pp. 

 41-52, fig. 1). — This number gives the usual monthly estimates of the acreage, 

 condition, and yield of the more important agricultural crops, the farm prices 

 of important products, and the range of prices at important markets, with mis- 

 cellaneous data on honey production, cranberry and hop conditions, dried apple 

 exports, acreage of red clover, etc. 



It is estimated that the total acreage of " wild," " salt," or " prairie " hay, 

 that is, hay cut from uncultivated lands, is 17,000,000 acrejS, and the average 

 yield for the present season 1.2 tons per acre. The total production of wild hay 

 is approximately one-fourth that of tame. 



Reports indicate that the production of wine is being materially curtailed 

 this year, owing principally to large accumulations of supplies carried over from 



