RURAL ECONOMICS. 391 



Justifiable Outlay for Specific Cases of Highway Improvement, by C Richard- 

 son ; Organization and System in Highway Work, by A. B. Fletcher ; System in 

 Highway Accounting, by S. D. Gilbert; Proper Road Location, Its Importance 

 and Effects, by W. R. Roy ; Road Drainage and Foundations, by G. W. Cooley ; 

 Roadway Surfacings, by F. F. Rogers ; Street Pavements, by C. Hill ; Main- 

 tenance — Materials and Methods, by A. W. Dean ; Convict Labor for Highway 

 Work, by G. P. Coleman; Resurfacing Old Roads, by W. D. Uhler ; and The 

 Benefits and Burdens of Better Roads, by S. E. Bradt. 



The farmer's poultry house, H. L. Kempstkb (Missouri 8ta. Circ. 75 (1915), 

 pp. 13, figs. 19). — This circular describes and illustrates the types of poultry 

 houses used by the department of poultry husbandry of the University of 

 Missouri. 



With reference to house construction it is stated that 4 sq. ft. of floor space 

 and 8 to 15 In. of roosting space should be allowed to each hen and one nest 

 to every four or five hens. " Where muslin Is used for ventilation purposes, 1 

 sq. ft. of muslin should be placed on the south side for every 15 sq. ft. of floor 

 space, if the house is 15 ft. wide. If the house is 10 ft. wide, on the south 

 side use 1 sq. ft. of muslin to every 20 sq. ft. of floor space, and if the house 

 is 20 ft. wide, on the south side use 1 sq. ft. of muslin to every 10 sq. ft. of 

 floor space. [These] rules will also apply in the use of the shutter front 

 method of ventilation. The height of the tops of the windows, if placed on the 

 south side, should be a little less than one-half as high as the house is wide. 

 Glass should be placed in the house at the rate of 1 sq. ft. to every 15 sq. ft. of 

 floor space. If the chickens are yarded, 150 sq. ft. of yard space should be 

 allowed for each bird. The square house is the most economical to construct." 



RURAL ECONOMICS. 



Agricultural development of the Pacifi.c Coast, E. J. Wickson (In Nature 

 and Science on the Pacific Coast. San Francisco: Paul Elder & Co., 1915, pp. 

 21/f-227). — The author gives the historical development of the agriculture 

 and describes the climate, soil, irrigation system, tillage, and present extent of 

 agriculture in the Pacific Coast States. 



The crisis of the small farmer in Italy, B. Rambaud (Ann. Ecole Nat. A fir. 

 Grignon, 4 (1913), pp. 46-111). — The author discusses the extent of small farm- 

 ing, crops grown, live stock kept, rotations followed, and the general systems 

 of agriculture in the different Provinces, and considers methods of improving 

 the farm operators' condition and making their agriculture more profitable. 



Economic and social evolution of the small agricultural proprietors, 0. 

 ToMMASiNA (A7in. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 51 (1914), pp. 193-203) .—The author 

 treats of the origin, advantages, and disadvantages of this type of farming, 

 and means for improving the condition of this class. He suggests the forma- 

 tion of an association to sell their products and the establishment of coopera- 

 tive credit associations and other organizations to enable them to act as a xmit. 



Agricultural credit banks and cooperative societies (Proc. Internet. Cong. 

 Trop. Agr., 3 (1914), PP- 198-212). — These pages contain abstracts and discus- 

 sions of the following papers : Agricultural Credit Banks and Cooperative 

 Societies, by J. Douie ; Agricultural Credit in the Portuguese Colonies, by H. J. 

 Monteiro de Mendonca, J. D. C. de Sousa e Faro, and E. Jardim de Vilhena ; 

 and The Working of Credit Banks in the Dutch East Indies, by H. C. Alting. 



Agricultural associations, von Cetto (Landw. Jahrb. Bayern, 4 (1914) < ^o. 

 1, pp. 1-28). — This article gives a historical description of the various Bavarian 

 agricultural associations and their organization into a chamber of agriculture. 



