ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 159 



Bruner grasshopper {Aeoloplus bruneri). A brief description is given of tlie 

 four species, followed by accounts of egg laying, development, habits, climatic 

 checks, natural enemies, and control measures, including destruction of the eggs 

 by plowing, harrowing, and disking, and destruction of the young and adults by 

 poisoned bran mash, the hopperdozer, burning, and the utilization of poultry and 

 of hogs. Methods of protecting sugar beets, truck crops, and gardens are also 

 considered. 



rieas as pests to man and animals, with suggestions for their control, 

 F. C. BiSHOPP (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 683 {1915), pp. lii, figs. 6).— A 

 popular account. 



The grasshopper outbreak in New Mexico during the stimmer of 1913, 

 H. E. Smith {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 293 {1915), pp. 12, figs. 2).— An outbreak of 

 the so-called long-winged grasshopper {Dissosteira longipennis [Ocdipoda 

 nebracensis] ) in the Pecos Valley of New Mexico was one of the most important 

 of the several grasshopper outbreaks that took place in the United States in 1913. 

 The present bulletin describes the distribution of D. longipennis in America, its 

 seasonal history, the origin of the outbreak, the nature of its habits, food plants, 

 parasitic and predaceous enemies, and artificial remedies. 



A list of 15 references to the literature cited is appended. 



The Zimmerman pine moth, J. Beunneb {TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 295 {1915), 

 pp. 12, pis. 11). — This is a report of work with Pinipestis simmermani com- 

 menced in the fall of 1912 and continued during 1913-14 in conjunction with 

 other work with forest insects, particularly in Montana and Idaho. 



This pine moth is very destructive to coniferous trees, especially to yellow pine 

 {Pinus ponderosa) in various sections of the West; and also injures other species 

 of pine. It is largely the cause of " spike-top " in mature timber, and it spike- 

 tops, stunts, and kills outright innumerable trees of the so-called " second 

 growth." Correspondence and collections show it to occur almost everywhere 

 in the West, and it has also been reported from the Eastern States. Its habits 

 and the result of its larval work also apparently do not vary materially anywhere 

 in its range. 



It attacks mature trees from between 10 to 30 ft. from the top down, and 

 second growth from about breast high up to from 35 to 40 ft. " Fresh infesta- 

 tion is only indicated by the castings on the surface area of the attacked trees. 

 . . . During the spring following infestation drops of pitch usually begin to 

 ooze out of the tunnels in the bark and cover the surface of the average wound 

 with a uniform, thin layer, somewhat similar in appearance to a liberal appli- 

 cation of paint with a brush. The inner bark assumes a spongy appearance and 

 gains in thickness, which tightens and even breaks the outer bark, together with 

 the dried pitch covering it. The entire infested space finally presents a strik- 

 ingly rough aspect which resembles the injury of no insect except Pissodes 

 schwarzi, which produces a similar effect at the base of trees. By repe&ted in- 

 festation at the border of the wound, in the course of years the tree is gradually 

 girdled and the part above the collar dies and finally rots off at its base, pro- 

 vided the moth abandons the tree at this stage. But frequently infestation con- 

 tinues downward, on young trees usually until the lower branches, which by 

 that time show a tendency to develop into tops, are reached and the trees killed, 

 and on mature ones to a point where the thickness of the bark fails to suit the 

 insect. . . . The wood from trees that have been infested by the moth is in- 

 variably so permeated with pitch that the lumber cut from such logs is either 

 materially reduced in value or is rendered wholly unfit for commercial use." 



The eggs are deposited during any of the milder months, and larvae of all 

 sizes, except the most minute in winter, may be found at any time of the year. 

 " On approaching maturity, about the middle of June, the larva gi'ows sluggish 



