HORTICULTURE. 149 



yield, growth, and average size of fruit. The cliief deficiency of the tillage and 

 cover-crop treatment has been in the fruit color. Assuming that the relative 

 commercial quality of fruit is determined chiefly by its average size and color, 

 it appears that the mulched fruit generally ranks highest in this character, with 

 that grown on cover-crop plats usually following closely. Where fertilization 

 has been added to both the tillage and cover-crop treatment and the sod-mulch 

 treatment, the fertilizer-sod-mulch treatment has given the best yield and most 

 normal growth, the excessive growth occurring on the fertilized and tilled trees 

 being considered undesirable. In one set of experiments the yields on mulched 

 and fertilized trees have been much steadier than those under any other treat- 

 ment, the off year having been practically eliminated during a period of Ave 

 years. The chief difference in treatment between the mulched and fertilized 

 trees and those receiving tillage, cover crops, and fertilization seems to consist 

 in the fact that the roots are regularly and materially disturbed in the latter 

 case and not in the former. Hence the author suggests the general advisability 

 of shallower tillage over tree roots, with the possible displacement of the plow 

 entirely wherever conditions will permit. In these experiments fertilization has 

 often proved more efficient on unfilled trees than on those receiving tillage. In 

 some cases, however, the applications are evidently utilized better when accom- 

 panied by some cultivation. In the majority of cases in these experiments the 

 addition of fertilization has largely neutralized the differences between the re- 

 sults of various treatments, indicating that proper fertilization is often more 

 Important than the cultural method. 



Supplement to Bulletin 131, J. P. Stewaet (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1913, 

 pp. Jf20-J}29). — This supplement gives the detailed results obtained up to the 

 close of 1912 from the station apple fertilizer experiments in orchards that are 

 now in bearing. These results were previously summarized in Bulletin 121 of 

 the station (E. S. R., 29, p. 437). The present data are given primarily as a 

 matter of record. 



Apple market investigations, 1914^15, C. W. Moomaw and M. M. Stewaet 

 (C7. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 302 {1915), pp. 23, pis. 13).— This buletin presents the 

 results of studies concerning certain phases of apple marketing and distribution 

 which were conducted during the season of 1914-15. 



The subject matter treats of the following phases : Conditions preceding the 

 movement of the crop ; effect of the war upon export prospects ; effect of the 

 war upon the home markets ; conditions in the New York State orchard district ; 

 tracing distribution ; retail methods and costs ; market preferences for varieties ; 

 grades — ^boxed, barreled, bulk; the effect of inferior apples upon the market; 

 shipments under ventilation and refrigeration ; grade and package laws ; cold 

 storage holdings and movement; Pacific Northwest apples via the Panama 

 Canal ; and markets in the United Kingdom, Europe, and South America. 



Charts showing the total receipts of apples in St. Paul and New York City 

 during selected periods, together with charts showing total receipts and whole- 

 sale prices of certain varieties in New York City during the 1909-10 season are 

 appended. 



Studies conducted in the markets during the fall of 1914 indicated the need 

 for more strict grading and careful handling, the elimination of culls from the 

 fresh-fruit markets, moi*e intelligent distribution, and the effective operation of 

 cooperative associations. 



Peaches for Pennsylvania, J. P. Stewaet (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 

 564-571). — This paper has previously been noted from another source (E. S. R., 

 28, p. 742). 



Peach supply and distribution in 1914, W. A. Sheeman, H. F. Walkeb, and 

 L. H. Maetin (U. S. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 298 (1915), pp. 15, pi. 1, fujs. 2).— This 



