DAIEY FARMING DAIEYING. 471 



cost of $44.10. It was found that the heifers receiving the largest amount of 

 milk and the smallest amount of pasture were most expensive, thus emphasizing 

 the fact that heifers born in the fall and normally fed cost less than those born 

 in the spring, even though a normal amount of milk is fed to each. 



The dailj' gain of the Jerseys for the second year was 0.8 lb., while that of 

 the Holstein-Friesians was 1 lb. The net total cost for the second year was 

 ?36.01 and $38.44, respectively. 



The average weight of the Jerseys at calving time (26i months) was 822 lbs. 

 and that of the Holstein-Friesians 1,076 lbs. The Jerseys calved an average of 

 2 weeks earlier than the Holstein-Friesians. 



An effort was made to raise a calf which was not thrifty, considerable 

 skimmed milk being fed after 1 year of age because of her condition. This 

 heifer calved at 31 months of age, 4 months later than the average. She 

 weighed 100 lbs. less than the average, gave birth to a deformed calf, and was 

 of no value as a milker. 



Summarizing the results of the two years' experiments it was found that the 

 average cost for the first year was $43.32 and for the second year, $37.23 ; and 

 from birth to calving at 26.5 months, $91.89. It is stated that these costs to 2 

 years of age and to calving are undoubtedly higher than the average for the 

 State, and could have been reduced by breeding heifers to calve at 24 months 

 of age or earlier, by feeding less, or by feeding inferior feeds. Any of these 

 changes, however, would have made the heifers smaller and possibly inferior 

 producers later. 



Part 2 of this bulletin is a general discussion of methods of feeding, care, 

 and management of calves and heifers, including calf diseases. 



The value of dried yeast, potato refuse, malt sprouts, and palm-nut cake 

 as feed material for milk production, and their specific influence on the fat 

 content of the milk, W. Voltz, A. Baudkexel and W. Dietrich (Landw. Jalirb., 

 Ifi (1914), No. 4, pp. 573-638). — In feeding experiments with dairy cows it was 

 found that the addition of the supplementary concentrated feeds yeast, potato 

 refuse, malt sprouts, and palm-nut cake had practically equal effects on the 

 yield of milk. On an average 1 lb. of dry matter increased the yield about 

 0.54 lb. in each case, and the fat content as follows : Palm-nut cake by 0.041 lb., 

 yeast by 0.024 lb., and potato refuse by 0.006 lb. It was concluded that the 

 rations being fed were already sufficiently rich in protein without these supple- 

 ments. 



Changes in the combination of rations and in the physiological conditions of 

 the animals resulted in differences in the utilization of the foods exceeding 100 

 per cent. It was concluded that the determination of the relative milk-yielding 

 capacity of cows during one or several periods of lactation can have only a lim- 

 ited value. 



The effect of feeding' on the composition of milk and butter: Linseed cake 

 and hempseed cake, H. T. Ceanfield and Makgabet G. D. Tatlok (Analyst, 

 40 {1915), No. 475, pp. 433-439, figs. 2).— In experiments with two lots of four 

 cows each fed for eight weeks it was foimd that the composition and quality 

 of milk and butter produced by feeding hempseed cake was practically equal 

 to that obtained by feeding linseed cake. On one or two occasions the butter 

 from the hempseed cake feeding was not quite so good as regards flavor and 

 color, but in the majority of samples there was very little difference. 



The removal of cows from poor pasture to a well-balanced ration in stall 

 caused a decrease in the percentage of fat, a considerable rise in the Reichert- 

 Meissl, Kirschner, and Polenske values, and a fall In the refractometer figure. 



28855°— No. 5—16 6 



