590 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



The intensity of macliine milking was determined by taking the quantity 

 milked by hand as equal to 1 and calculating the corresponding amount ob- 

 tained with a machine. The intensity of pressure-machine milking ranged 

 from 0.41 to 0.58, and that of the suction machines from 0.6 to 0.84. The 

 intensity of machine milking increased as the cows become accustomed to it, 

 this being more visible for suction machines than for pressure machines. It 

 was also observed that the intensity can be increased by weighting the teat 

 cups, so that the udder and the teats are somewhat lengthened. Suction 

 machines were better with regard to stripping the cows, though this depended 

 on the temper of the individual cows. 



"By using milking machines, provided they be well cleaned, a much purer 

 and wholesomer milk is obtained than by hand milking, but if cleanline.ss is 

 neglected and the pipes and tubes are left attached to the machine between 

 railkings, then machine-drawn milk contains more germs than hand-drawn 

 milk and its keeping qualities deteriorate. The best and simplest way of 

 keeping the rubber tubes sweet is to wash them well after using and to keep 

 them in cold pure water until they are again required. 



" The influence of machine milking on the yield compared with hand milking 

 could not be definitely determined in the trials. The yield sinks more or less 

 when machine milking replaces hand milking, but it rises again rapidly as 

 the cows get accustomed to the machines." 



Cream separator and chum, L. Ammann {Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Grignon, 4 

 {1913), pp. 112-122, fig. 1). — Tests of a centrifugal cream separator showed that 

 under normal working conditions the best separation of cream was obtained 

 with 70 revolutions of the handle per minute and a flow of milk of from 100 to 

 110 liters per hour. Tlie best temperature was from 32 to 36° C. The best 

 results were obtained when not more than from 30 to 50 liters, according to 

 the milk, were treated in each operation. Increasing or decreasing the optimum 

 speed decreased the amount of cream separated. 



Tests of a churn made to accommodate 8, 12, or 24 liters of cream are also 

 reported. 



The colony hog house, J. D. McVean (.Y. C. Agr. Ext. Serv. Circ. 3 {1915), 

 pp. S, figs. 6). — Plans, specifications, and a bill of materials for a colony hog 

 house are given. 



Poultry house construction, H. E. Uiton {Brit. Colmubia Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 

 63 {1915). pp. JfO. figs. 3S). — This bulletin describes and illustrates poultry 

 houses suitable for the lower mainland, the lower gulf islands, and the southern 

 part of Vancouver Island of the Province of British Columbia. " In other parts 

 of the Province, according to the coldness and dampness of the atmosphere, 

 the houses should be altered to meet the conditions." 



From Chilliwack to Kamloops and from Cowichan to Comox it is suggested 

 that houses be built at least 16 ft. in depth. For other parts of the Province, 

 where the cold is extreme, it is thought that the houses should be built at 

 least 18 ft. in depth. " In constructing poultry houses, one should never build 

 theiji under 12 ft. in depth or over 22 ft. The former would allow too much 

 air circulation in the house and the latter would allow too much dampness 

 to collect that would not dry out during the day." 



The biological purification of dairy sewage, F. W. J. Boekhout and J. J. 

 O. DE Tries {Molk. Ztg. Berlin. 25 {1915), Xos. 27, pp. 209, 210; 28, pp. 217, 218; 

 29, pp. 225, 226). — In experiments conducted in Holland it was found that dairy 

 sewage can be successfully purified by the proper use of a .septic tank and 

 biological filters. 



