EUKAL ECONOMICS. 893 



of another can not materially increase or decrease the amount of food consumed 

 as a whole. A larger demand for one article would mean simply a smaller 

 demand for other articles. . . . With reference to the textile fibers and other 

 agricultural raw materials for the manufacture of articles of dress, there is 

 eeen to be a considerable degree of elasticity of demand, due to the character 

 of the demand for the finished products. ... 



" In recent years the inelastic character of the demand for the products now 

 raised on the farm has afforded a bar to expansion in the production of those 

 commodities proportional to the improvements introduced in agriculture, and 

 the consequence of the introduction of these improvements — especially improved 

 agricultural macliinery — taken in connection with the indisposition of demand 

 for agricultural products to expand beyond a certain limit, has been to transfer 

 workers by the millions from the farm to the urban centers. The city has 

 gathered to itself, not only manufactures, but many other activities for the 

 products of which demand is of the elastic .sort. The city has thus become, 

 as compared with the country, the center of expansion in industry and thus in 

 population." 



The marketing of farm products, L. D. H. Weld (Neio York: The MacmiUan 

 Co., 1916, pp. Xiy-}-Jf83, figs. 2). — The author's thesis is that marketing is a 

 phase of prmluction as defined by the professional economist. He defines pro- 

 duction as the creation of utilities, that is, any process that makes a thing 

 more useful, as by molding it into more desirable forms in the factory, by 

 transporting it from one place where it is less needed to another place where 

 it is more needed, or by storing it from one season of the year when it is less 

 needed until another season when it is more needed. He has treated this 

 subject from this point of view under the headings of marketing at country 

 places, methods of sale, functions and organization of wholesale trade, sales 

 by auction, cold storage as a factor in marketing, cost of marketing, transporta- 

 tion as a factor in marketing, prices of farm products, produce exchanges, 

 price quotations, future trading, inspection and grading, city markets and 

 direct marketing by parcel post, cooperative marketing, problems of retailing, 

 and weaknesses, remedies, and governmental activities. 



Car-lot distribution, J. S. Ceutchfield (Fruit and Prod. Marketer, 7 {1916}, 

 No. 6, pp. 1, 4, 5). — The author summarizes his conclusions as follows: 



"Car-lot marketing and distribution are accomplished most satisfactorily 

 when the distributing organization, be it composed of growers or middlemen, 

 lias the confidence of growers, buyers, retailers, and consumers, as well as 

 bankers and railroads. To justify and retain this confidence and cooperation 

 necessitates an honest and intelligent effort to consider and respect the rights 

 and interest of each." 



[Purchase and marketing associations in Posen and West Prussia, their 

 systems of organization and development], Z. Niklewski {Latulto. Jahrb., Jft 

 (1914), No. 5, pp. 719-787). — The author points out the occasion and motive 

 for the establishment of the association, the organization of the different 

 unions, the amount of business transacted, and the extent of the organization 

 and membership, and appends a bi'ief bibliography. 



Historical sketch of the development of the Central Bureau and Nether- 

 lands Agricultural Committee, C. G. J. A. vax Gendeeen Stort (Nedcrland. 

 Landb. Com., No. 2 {1915), pp. 91-184). — This article describes the first central 

 bureau organized to purchase commercial fertilizers and its development and 

 reorganization. The different laws relating to the Central Bureau and the 

 Netherlands Agricultural Committee are included. 



Report on the working of the cooperative credit societies in the district of 

 Ajmer-Merwara, 1913-14 (Rpf. Work. Coop. Credit Soc. Ajmer-Mencara, 



