1919] RUKAL, ECONOMICS. 93 



points enlarged upon by the author are, first, thct the nation, as a whole, 

 must consider questions relating to the increase of home-grown food supply, 

 and second, that a complete reorganization of the industry itself is necessary. 

 He favors industrialization for large-scale product'on. 



The position of the rural worker in industry, A. W. Ashby (In Some Prob- 

 lems of Urban and Rural Industry. Oxford: Ruskin Col., 1917, pp. 76-97). — 

 This paper appears in the series noted above. The author says here that the 

 agricultural worker must be assuretl an adequate income and some leisure 

 time. He discusses the disadvantages of small holdings, the rate of wages, 

 competition of unskilled labor, housing, and related topics. 



How the laborer lives: A study of the rural labor problem, B. S. Rowntrke 

 and M. Kendall (London and New York: Thomas Nelson d- Sons, Ltd., 1917, 

 pp. 342, pi. 1). — This book, first published in 1913, showing that the agricultural 

 wages then paid were below the efficiency minimum, is republished with the aim 

 of showing that correspondingly the wage of 25s. ($6.08) provided under the 

 Corn Production Act of 1917 must prove inadequate. It contains a chapter on 

 wages based on figures found in volume 5 of the Report on Earnings and Hours 

 of Labor in 1907. In addition, it gives accounts of investigations and figures 

 obtained by cross-questioning housewives in 42 rural families in counties of 

 England and Wales regarding their household budgets, covering weekly money 

 earnings, extra earnings, charitable gifts, rent, peicentage of standard re- 

 quirements of food consumed, etc. 



The economic future of agriculture, V. A. Malcolmson (Jour. Farmers' 

 Cluh [London'^, 1919, Apr., pp. 39-57). — A sliding scale of duties imposed on 

 imported wheat and flour is advocated in this paper. It is suggested that im- 

 port duties should begin to operate at the level of 60s. ($14.60) a quarter, and 

 that principles of empire preference be incorporated in the policy of taxation 

 in the form of a 50 per cent rebate oq importations from empire sources. There 

 are included cost of production data in the form of several typical balance 

 sheets giving the approximate cost of wheat per acre in 1913-14, and in 1917- 

 18, also family budgets from the study noted above i)lu.strating the cost of liv- 

 ing of the agricultural laborer. 



Farm tenancy and leases, A. H. Benton (Minnesota Sta. Bui. 178 (1918), 

 pp. 33, figs. 2). — In this are discussed questions of the increase in farm tenancy 

 in the United States and particularly in Minnesota, and of types of farm 

 leases, namely, the one-third crop share lease, the one-half crop share lease, 

 the crop and stock share lease, the one-third crop and stock share lease, and 

 the cash lease. Suggested forms for several of these leases are given. 



It is indicated here that data collected by the division of agronomy and 

 farm management of the University of Minnesota, including that from a farm 

 management survey previously noted (E. S. R., 39, p. 394), show that the 

 advantages, both to the landlord and tenant, under the share lease system, 

 are greater than under either the cash or mixed share and cash system. 



Several tables are given to show the shares that landlord and tenant should 

 bear in the cost of production of wheat, oats, barley, hay, and corn, and the 

 cost of maintaining a dairy cow. and to indicate the landlord's and the tenant's 

 expense under the one-half share system and th » one-third share system. 

 These tables are based upon recent data of the cost accounting section and 

 results of investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 688; 35, p. 691). 



The function of the farm bureau, B. H. Ckocheron (California Sta. Circ. 

 209 (1919), pp. 16). — The speaker addresses the annual farm bureau conference 

 on the beginning of the farm bureau organization in California, its functions, 

 and its relationships with the farm advisor, members of the community, the 



