191»] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 61 



trash and its mechanical condition is greatly improved. Cutting out ' dead 

 hearts ' or dead plants and destroying them is theoretically sound, and with an 

 abundance of cheap labor it might be recommended. 



" The introduction of parasites of the moth borer from Cuba and other 

 tropical countries is recommended." 



A bibliography of 1S5 titles is appended. 



Peach, borer observations at Vineland, M. A. Blake and C. H. Connors {New 

 Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1917, pp. 8S-88, fig. 1). — The borers removed from each tree in 

 three orchards, in continuation of records of previous years (E. S. R., 39, 

 p. 765), are recorded in tabular form, charted, and discussed. 



The infestation by borers during the year was apparently more general and 

 more evenly distributed. It was observed in one of the orchards that three 

 rows, which had been set in holes made with dynamite, had the lowest per- 

 centage of trees infested and the smallest number of borers found in 1917. 

 As a possible explanation, It is pointed out that the trees planted by the use 

 of dynamite made u much more rapid average growth during the lirst few 

 years, and it is possible that they presented a more unbroken surface of bark, 

 which, in the author's experience, tends to make them resistant to borer 

 attack. 



Argyresthia illuminatella, K. T. Schutze {Deut. Ent. Ztschr. " Iris," SI 

 {1911), No. 1-2, pp. 4-23; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 6 {1918), No. 11, 

 p. ^79). — The caterpillar of A. illuminatella infests the ends of the twigs of 

 Abies alba and lives exclusively on this tree, the attacked branches being recog- 

 nized in the autunm by the slightly yellowish-green color of the needles. The 

 eggs are laid on the buds at the tip of the twigs, the buds are eaten, and the 

 whole twig is completely hollowed out. Pupation takes place in these hollowed 

 twigs. 



The apple bud moths and their control in Nova Scotia, G. B. Sanders and 

 A. G. DusTAN {Canada Dept. Agr., Ent. Branch Bui. 16 {1919), pp. 39, figs. 14). ~ 

 This reports investigations of bud moths, the most important insects generally 

 affecting orchards in Nova Scotia, which have been conducted since 1912. While 

 the recommendations as to control measures are based upon local conditions, 

 the general features of the life history and habits are applicable to the insect in 

 other Provinces. 



The four most common and injurious species of bud moths in Nova Scotia 

 are the eye-spotted bud moth, the oblique banded leaf roller {Caccecia rosace- 

 ana), the lesser bud moth {Recurvaria nanella), and the green bud worm 

 {Argyroploce consanguinana) . In general, their life histories and the injuries 

 inflicted are similar in all four species. All are small winged moths which fly 

 during June and July and deposit their eggs on the leaves of the apple. 

 " Three of the four species injure the apple in the fall by occasionally attaching 

 the leaf on which they are feeding to the finiit, and under the attached leaf 

 eating through the skin of the apple, marring the surface, and injuring the 

 appeai'ance and keeping qualities. 



"All species pass the winter as partly grown larvae under bits of bark or in 

 crevices about the fruit spurs. In the spring the larvrc merge from their 

 hibernating quarters as the buds swell and eat into the opening buds, where 

 they feed on the expanding flowers, thus affecting the set of the fruit. It is 

 estimated that the bud moths reduce the crop in imsprayed or poorly sprayed 

 apple orchards in Nova Scotia about 30 per cent. About 75 per cent of the bud 

 moths can be destroyed and the crops increased about 22.5 per cent by two 

 thorough applications of poisoned spray applied before the blossoms open, with 

 a nozzle throwing a coarse, driving spray." 



