1919] HORTICULTURE. 239 



A comparative study of protected and unprotected wounds indicated tliat 

 protection witii wax or paint is of little value unless the wound is well made and 

 both wound and tools sterilized against disease. Paints and waxes often fail 

 to prevent disease or decay, because infection may have reached the wound 

 before the covering was applied. 



The author calls attention to the beneficial results found in other investiga- 

 tions in protecting the heartwol)d of large wounds with gas tar or liquid asphal- 

 tum to prevent decay while the relatively slow healing process is going on. 

 These materials, however, should not be applied to the sapwood and cambium, 

 as injury may resiilt. 



Decade records of Ohio apple orchards, No. 1, H. A. Gossakd (Mo. Bui. Ohio 

 iita., }f (1919), No. 5, pp. 152-160, figs. 6). — Long-continued spraying experiments 

 were brought to a conclusion in 1918 in three fairly representative Ohio orchards. 

 This paper records cultural and marketing practices, as well as yield and finan- 

 cial returns, for one of these orchards during a 10-year period. A record is also 

 given of worminess in the orcliard for each year under different spraying treat- 

 ments. 



The constant high record of clean fruit maintaining throughout the decade 

 indicates that maxiumm effectiveness in applying the sprays was reached by 

 the third season with an average of 98 per cent of clean fruit. The average 

 yiekl per acre for the 10-year period was approximately 234 bu. The average 

 annual cost of production per acre, figured at a cost of 40 cts. per bushel, was 

 .$93.60, and the annual net income per acre $100. Assuming that it costs 50 cts. 

 per bushel to produce apples, as generally claimed among orchardists in Ohio, 

 the net income per acre was about .$80, indicating that even a good producing 

 orchard does not offer the financial inducement sometimes put forth in orchard 

 schemes. 



Pruning' experiments with peaches, M. A. B'lake and G. II. Connoks (New 

 Jersetj Stas. Bui. 326 {1917), pp. 5-S8, pis. 16). — Experimental orchards were 

 established both at Yineiand and New Brunswick in 1912, with the view of 

 comparing different systems of pruning as applied to varieties showing vary- 

 ing habits of gro^^•th such as the spreading, open liabit ; the compact spreading 

 habit ; and the upright habit of growth. The following five general forms of 

 pruning were studied : Pruning out only such twigs as may have died or 

 branches that may have been broken by accident ; winter pruning to remove dead 

 twigs, interfering and crossed branches and twigs, with a little top-thiilning to 

 prevent the fornir.tion of weak crotches and to admit su/licient light for the 

 coloring of the fruit ; winter pruning similar to the above, accompanied by cutting 

 back the leading branches and twigs from one-third to one-half of the previous 

 season's growth ; summer pruning in which any suckers or undesirable shoots are 

 removed during the growing season, and all leading shoots are pinched back dur- 

 ing June or July to encourage a compact growth of the tree ; and combined winter 

 pruning and cutting back with sununer pruning. All of the trees were cut 

 back to a height of 18 in. when set, and the experiments in both orchards also 

 included a comparative test of planting in dug holes as compared with holes 

 made with dynamite. IMeasurements were made of the total linear twig growth 

 and the circumference growth of the trees during the first season prior to the 

 assignment of various pruning treatments. These measurements, together with 

 growth (lata secured by different systems of pruning during the first two seasons 

 after planting, are here presented in tabular form and discussed. No definite 

 conclusions as to the actual effect of the various pruning treatments are drawn 

 at this time. 



Generally speaking, during the first season the trees at Vineland, where the 

 soil is a sandy loam, averaged from about 200 to 350 in. more growth according 



