1919] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 357 



When the strong spray is applied at the chister-bud period, it is very effective 

 in killing San Jose scale. The bark of the infested trees is left covered with a 

 strong spray, and the young scales which are produced later have considerable 

 difficulty in finding suitable places to settle down and begin sucking sap. 



The late concentrated spray has also been found to be of great value in con- 

 trolling apMds or plant lice, oyster-shell scale, scurfy scale, Forbes scale, spring 

 cankerworni', bud moth, and other sap-sucking and leaf-eating insects, which are 

 killed through contact with their bodies. It is said to be effective in controlling 

 apple scab, and is believed to be effective against other fungus diseases, such 

 as Illinois canker, black rot, etc. 



The fruit worms of the apple in Nova Scotia, G. E. Sanders and A. G. 

 DusTAN (Canada Dept. Agr., Ent. Branch Bill. 17 {1919), pp. 28, figs. 9).— This 

 is a report of studies of fruit worms, which are a source of an immense 

 amount of damage in Nova Scotia and throughout eastern Canada. The adults 

 of nine species were found to feed on apple foliage and fruit, and the adults 

 of eight others were taken in apple orchards, though attempts to rear them 

 on apple foliage failed. 



Technical descriptions are given of the several stages of the nine species 

 treated in this bulletin, namely, GraptoUtha bethunei, G. laticinerea, G. anten- 

 nata, G. georgii, G. boileyl, Conistra loalkcri, Xylcna nupera, X. cineritia, and 

 X. curvinmcula, together with notes on G. ferrealis, G. disposita, G. unimoda, 

 G. fagina, G. pexata, G. petulca, G. cinerosa, and G. innmninata. 



"The fruit worms of the apple are responsible annually for a large amount 

 of damage in the apple orchards of Nova Scotia. The injury is effected by the 

 larvfB eating into the young fruit or the set of the apples, causing about 72 

 per cent of the injured fruit to drop, and deforming about 78 per cent of the 

 remainder enough to cause it to be degraded to No. 3 and culls. 



" The adults of the fruit worms are strong flying moths which are to be 

 found on the wing during September, October, April, and May. They deposit 

 their eggs on the twigs of the apple during the month of May. These eggs hatch 

 about the time the apple buds are beginning to show pink. The young larvae 

 feed for the first two weeks on apple leaves and blossoms and drop to the 

 ground very readily when disturbed. After the first two weeks the larvsfi 

 feed more on the fruit of the apple than on the leaves, causing an immense 

 amount of injury, as previously indicated. In early July the larvae enter the 

 earth to pupate, and form an almost naked pupa 2 or 3 in. below the surface. 

 In September and October the adult moths emerge and during the winter 

 hibernate under tufts of grass, etc." 



The investigations show an arsenical spray applied immediately before the 

 blossoms open to be the most valuable spray in fruit-worm control, while that 

 applied immediately after the blossoms fall is the next in value. 



The tea tortrix (Homona coffearia), N. K. Jardine (Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 

 40 (1918), pp. 38, pis. 2, figs. 2). — This is a preliminary report of investigations 

 during the year 1917-18 of H. coffearia, which is distributed over the entire 

 southern half of the Central Province of Ceylon and is a serious enemy 

 of tea. A list is given of the food plants, representing 14 orders, on which 

 it has l)een found to propagate. 



Pseudograsserie, a new disease of caterpillars of the gipsy moth, A. Pal- 

 lot (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 168 (1919), No. 4, pp. 258-269). — The author 

 describes a disease of the gipsy moth which presents symptoms resembling 

 grasserie and flacherie, and to which he gives the name pseudograsserie. The 

 gipsy moth was found to be infected by two coccobacilli to whicli the names 

 Bacillus lymantricola adiposus and B. lymantriw (3 are given, of which the first 

 is the cause of the disease here considered. The disease was reproduced in 



