1919] RURAL ECONOMICS. 491 



autlior urges support for the cooperative movement and a central organiza- 

 tion for these associations along the plan of central agricultux"al societies in 

 Japan and Denmark. 



The consolidation of agricultural holdings in the United Provinces, H. S. 

 Jevons (Ayr. Jour. India, 13 {1918), No. 2, pp. 222-230; U (1919), Nos. 1, pp. 

 49-64; 2, pp. 331-349, pi. 1, figs. 2). — The author outlines the necessity of a re- 

 grouping of the land holdings in India to increase the supply of agricultural 

 products. He maintains that there should be established demonstrations of 

 improved agricultural methods to be continued for a period of years, and that 

 the increased taxation which this involves would be more than justified by 

 the increase of agricultural products and the resulting permanently higher 

 Btandard of living. He discusses the custom of cultivating scattered holdings 

 as a stage of the evolution of primitive society; describes the enclosure move- 

 ment in England ; and then sketches the advantages and procedure in develop- 

 ing in India a new type of rural village, enlarging and consolidating holdings, 

 providing for surplus population, replanning of roads, and the cost of re- 

 organization. 



Organization of the village, D. Newton {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'^, 26 {1919), 

 No. 3, pp. 247-^254)' — In a resume of a paper read before the Agricultural Club, 

 the author reviews provisions in the Land Settlement (Facilities) Bill for 

 advancement of communal life in the villages, discusses critically some pro- 

 posals of the Agricultural Policy Subcommittee for rural development and 

 village organization, and outlines alternative proposals as to methods of pro- 

 cedure and essential and desirable requirements. 



Function of the departmental agricultural labor bureaus, A. Dumont {Vie 

 Ayr. et Rurale, 9 {1919), No. 12, pp. 211, 212). — The purpose, constitution, re- 

 sources, functions, and soui'ces of the labor supply handled by the departmental 

 agricultural labor bureau in France are briefly described. 



Cooperative credit operations under the Rural Credits Act, E. A, Weir {Agr. 

 Gaz. Canada, 6 {1919), No. 1, pp. 43-46). — A report of money loaned and for 

 what purpose, methods, and achievements up to November 1, 1918, of ten 

 societies in Manitoba. 



Cooperation in agriculture in Italy, A. Tarli {L'Eyypte Contemporaine, 10 

 {1919), No. 46, pp. 349-373).— The People's Banks of Italy, on the general plan 

 of the Schulze-Delitzsch banks of Germany, and the cooperative savings banks 

 of rural districts, are described in detail to show the growth and importance 

 of cooperation in Italy. Other societies included in the discussion as being 

 evolved out of requirements of agriculturists are establishments for manu- 

 facture of chemical fertilizers and societies, limited or not, for collective 

 farming, buying and selling, hiring machinery, insuring live stock, etc. A 

 brief summary is given of Italian legislation favoring cooperation. 



Report of th.e Irish Agricultural Oi^anization Society, Ltd. {Rpt. Irish 

 Ayr. Oryan. Sac, 1918, pp. 115). — This report is based on the work of 677 

 societies for the year ended March 31, 1918, the statistics appended continuing 

 information previously noted (E. S. R., 39. p. 796). 



The farmer and the patent system, E. J. Prindle {Sci. Amer., 80 {1899), No. 

 11, pp. 162, 163; also in 121 {1919), No. 2, pp. 36, 48).— This is an estimate of the 

 benefit to the farmer of the patent system and the encouragement and pro- 

 tection of invention. 



The Japanese farmers in California {San Francisco: Japanese Agr. Assoc, 

 [1919], pp. 32, pis. 5). — A collection of reprints, chiefly from San Francisco 

 newspapers, and of extracts by oflicials of Japanese organizations giving popu- 

 lar information as to agricultural achievements and war activities of Japanese 

 in America. 



