1919] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 581 



B. sanguinarium. B. avisepticus, however, may generally be distingiiisiied 

 from B. sanguinarium by its action in milk, indol pi'oduction, fermentation of 

 carbohydrates, agglutination reaction, and pathogenesis. B. jmllorum and B. 

 sanguinarium do not produce indol, generally form hydrogen sulphid in a lead 

 acetate medium, and produce a temporary acidity in milk, but later alkali is 

 formed. B. sanguinarium usually produces alkali in a shorter time than B. 

 puUorum. The casein is digested by most strains of these organisms. As re- 

 gards fermentation, B. puUoriun produces acid and generally gas in several 

 carbohydrates. B. sanguinarium produces acid but no gas in the same car- 

 bohydrates, and in addition produces acid in dulcite and maltose. There is 

 some variation in the reactions in maltose. Some strains of B. puUorum pro- 

 duce slight amounts of acid after several days' incubation, and two strains have 

 produced acid and gas quite promptly in maltose. 



"Agglutination tests with these organisms have shown that there is an 

 antigenic relation between these organisms and B. typhosus, B. enteritidis, and 

 B. abortus-equinus. Such antigenic relations were not observed between these 

 avian strains and B. avisepticus, B. clysenterice, B. paratyphosus A and B, B. 

 suipestifer, B. proteus, and B. coli. Absorption tests will differentiate quite 

 readily between B. typhosus and these avian strains. Agglutination and absorp- 

 tion tests with serums of rabbits immunized toward these avian types suggest 

 an antigenic relation between B. typhosus, B. enteritis's, and these avian 

 strains, 



" Feeding experiments indicate that laboratory cultures of these organisms 

 will rarely produce an injurious effect on laboratory ani nals. Two freshly 

 isolated strains of B. sanguinarium and one of B. pullorum were also fed to 

 various animals without producing serious effects. It has been observed from 

 inoculations that the rabbit is the most susceptible laboratory animal to the 

 strains studied. It generally requires from 2 to 3 cc. of a 24-hour broth culture 

 injected intraperitoneally to produce a fatal infection in a rabbit weigiiiug 

 aliout 2,000 gm. A few freshly isolated strains were not more virulent for rab- 

 bits, guinea pigs, mice, and rats than cultures kept in the laboratory for some 

 time. B. pullorum and B. sanguinarium produce a toxin when grown under 

 proper conditions which is quite poisonous to rab!)its. The action of the toxin 

 produced appears to be the same for the two strains. 



"These avian strains may be differentiated from B. tiiphosus by their lack 

 of motility, their fermentation reactions in rhamnose and soi-bite, and absorp- 

 tion tests with immuije serums. Serologic tests and certain fermentative re- 

 actions may be used to differentiate tiiese organisms from B. dysenteriw. 

 They may be differentiated from other members of the paratyphoid enteritidis 

 group by morphologic and cultural characteristics and serologic tests. B. 

 avisepticus, as has been mentioned before, may be differentiated in many ways 

 from B. sanguinarium and B. pullorum. 



" B. pullorum may be distinguished from B. sanguinarium by the inability of 

 the former to ferment dulcite, while the latter ferments this carbohydrate. 

 Also, the former organism does not generally produce acid in maltose and gen- 

 erally produces gas in several of the carbohydrates. B. sanguinarium, on the 

 other hand, generally produces acid promptly in maltose and does not produce 

 gas in any of the carbohydrates. Rhamnose is fermented promptly by B. 

 pullorum, while B. sanguinarium does not produce acid before 48 hours' incu- 

 bation. It appears, therefore, that there are sufficient differences between B. 

 sanguinaritim and B. pullorum to regard them as separate types." 



Lead poisoning' in waterfowl, A. Wetmore (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 793 (1919), 

 pp. 12, pis. 2). — This is a report of studies of a serious affection of ducks and 

 other waterfowl in the United States, intended for sportsmen, naturalists, and 



