1910J FOODS — HUMAN NUTKITION. 857 



quauUtative but to the qualitative side, particularly to insure adequate amouuts 

 of tlie accessory factors or vitamins. 



Gastric responses to foods {Anwr. Jour. Physiol., 40 {1919), No. 2, pp. 174- 

 232, 254-270, figs. 94). — Four papers are presented in continuation of the studies 

 previously noted (E. S. R., 41, p. 4(i7). The digestion of various forms of 

 meat and esss in tlie normal human subject was studied by the fractional 

 method, the contents of the stoniacli being withdrawn at regular intervals and 

 determinations made of free and total acid, pepsin, and amino nitrogen. 



III. The response of the hvnicm stomach to beef and beef products, H. R. 

 ]<"ishback, C, A. Smith, O. Bergeim, R. A. Lichtentliaeler, M. E. Rehfuss, and 

 P. B. Hawk (pp. 174-203). — In this and the following studies it was found 

 that all normal stomachs do not respond alike to the entrance of the same 

 food, some responding very quickly and others slowly. The same difference 

 was noted in the evacuation time. In consequence the subjects have been 

 classified throughout the studies as having rapid- or slow-emptying stomachs. 



The general results obtained in this study of the digestion of various form.s 

 of beef and beef products may be summarized as follows : 



Roast beef and beef steaks appeared to be as readily digested if cooked rare 

 as if medium or well done, rare roast beef apparently having a slight ad- 

 vantage in this respect. Roast beef was found to lie between the cheaper 

 and tougher cuts of steak and sii-loin and tenderloin steak in gastric response 

 and evacuation time, the cheaper cuts of meat being handled more rapidly 

 in the same individual than the more expensive cuts. Hamburger steak, 

 .stewed beef, boiled corn beef, dried beef, and beef bologna were handled by 

 the stomach in the same lengtli of time as roast beef, while calves' liver, 

 beef tongnie, and tripe required a slightly longer time and frankfurters and 

 sweetbreads a shorter time. 



For 100 gm. of the beef products testefl, an average evacuation time of 2 

 hours and 35 minutes was obtained on subjects with stomachs of the rapid- 

 emptying type, and 3 hours and 25 minutes with the slow-emptying type. The 

 maximum total acidity obtained, expressed in cubic centimeters of N/10 

 alkali required to neutralize 100 cc, was 184 and the average total acidity at the 

 height of digestion 120. It is pointed out that these high acid values regularly 

 shown by normal men necessitate a revision of the older ideas of hyperacidity. 



The amino acid nitrogen values (which include ammonia) were moderately 

 high at the beginning of digestion due to the ammonia of the meat, increased 

 as digestion proceeded, and fell to a low level at the end of the digestion. 

 Pepsin values were highest toward the end of digestion. 



IV. The response of the stomnch to porh and pork, products, C. A. Smith, 

 H. R. Fishback, O. Bergeim, M. E. Rehfuss, and P. B. Hawk (pp. 204-221).— 

 For individuals with stomachs of the rapid-emptying type the general average 

 evacuation time for pork products was 2 hours and 45 minutes, and for sub- 

 jects of the slow-emptying type 3 hours and 40 minutes. The average total 

 acidity at the height of digestion was 117. Liver and bacon required about the 

 same period of gastric digestion as roast beef, pork sausage a slightly longer 

 time, and roast pork, pork chops, scrapple, bacon and most forms of ham a 

 still longer time. Ham sandwiches were more readily handled than most of 

 the other pork products. 



V. The response of the stomach to lamb and lamb products, H. R. Fishback, 

 C. A. Smith, O. Bergeim, ]\I. E. Rehfuss, and P. B. Hawk (pp. 222-232).— Lamb 

 was found to require an average of 2 hours and 30 minutes to digest for the 

 i-apid-emptying type of stomach, and 3 hours and 20 minutes for the slow- 

 emptying type. The average total acidity at the height of digestion was 134. 

 On the average, roast lamb remained in the stomach a few minutes longer 



