90 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. 



dumping manure in piles; cultivating corn, potatoes, beans, cabbage, and 

 cotton; spraying an orchard; mowing, raking, tedding, and cocking hay; 

 harvesting hay and corn with and without a binder; husking corn; digging 

 potatoes; threshing grain; hauling to market with wagon; together with a 

 number of other farm operations, giving the average work factors in terms of 

 designated units per man, per horse, per hour, per day, etc. 



Among the author's conclusions are the following : 



"Daily and seasonal working factors for farm labor and equipment are of 

 primary importance in farm organization and management. 



"The seasonal and daily duty of men and equipment for an agricultural area 

 can be reliably approximated by averaging many estimates for each operation 

 made by farmers in the region. Figures so obtained are as accurate for prac- 

 tical purposes as those secured by more refined methods. . . . 



"Those engaged in farming have quite definite conceptions of the duty for 

 the simpler operations where but one or two men and one or two teams are 

 involved. Where many men and units of equipment are used in an operation 

 there is less definite conception of what constitutes a fair day's work, since 

 fewer have had experience with the large crews, and the range of variation is 

 greater. More data are therefore necessary to insure useful averages. 



"With implements of heavy draft and also w^itli many of the lighter imple- 

 ments, the increase in dimensions is not attended with proportional increases in 

 work accomplished. . . . 



"The increase in the number of men in the crew and in the complexity of 

 the operation are attended by lost motion and decrease in efficiency per unit 

 of labor and equipment. The simpler operations are the most economical from 

 the standpoint of work done daily." 



To work a grass holding at a living profit, and the cheap cottage problem, 

 H. B. M. Buchanan (London, 1910, pp. 102, figs. 3). — This book discusses the 

 problem of producing a hay crop, and tJie management of cows, pigs, and 

 poultry on a small holding. 



Land tenure in England and Norway, E. Sundt (Economist, 77 (1913), 

 No. 3G62, pp. 965, 966).— This article discusses and illustrates the effect of 

 feudalism upon agriculture and agricultural population, the author holding 

 that the general exodus from the farm to towns and cities in England is due 

 largely to the system of land tenure, particularly the entailing of property. 

 Free trade in land is thus impossible, and the country is accordingly "doomed 

 to a continuation of farming by tenants." 



Irish agricultural laborers, 1912 (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. 

 Statis. 1912, pp. 45). — This report submits notes and tables showing the number 

 and earnings of Irish migratory agricultural laborers, the wages of agricultural 

 laborers, and the number of persons engaged in farm work, together with the 

 number and power of the various agricultural machines and implements in use 

 in Ireland in 1912. 



The total number of agricultural laborers is shown to have decreased from 

 509,344 in 1871 to 199,900 in 1911. There is also as much complaint among the 

 farmers of the loss of efliciency of the laborers as of the difficulty in securing 

 them. 



The total number of jjersons engaged in farm work on June 1, 1912, is re- 

 ported at 1,073.238. 



Persons engaged in agricultural pursuits in Prussia, Hagmann (Mitt. 

 Deut. Landiv. GeselL, 28 (1913), No. 34, pp. ^85-^86) .—This article presents 

 notes and tables showing observations made from the census of the agricultural 



