ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 159 



field a dark green appearance. In the spring, the maggots interfere with the 

 sap flow, cause the heads partly or completely to fail to fill, and so weaken the 

 stalks that many break and fall before harvest. The fly infesting the old 

 stubble can best be destroyed by plowing the stubble under so carefully and 

 deeply that when the ground is packed down into a good seed bed for wheat, 

 there will be at least 4 in. of soil between the stubble and the surface. The 

 growth of volunteer wheat is a menace, and should not be tolerated before the 

 regular crop is sown. In average years with proper preparation of the seed bed, 

 the date of safe sowing is at least as early as the date on which wheat should 

 be sown to make a maximum yield if no fly were present." 



A schedule of procedure based upon the life history studies here reported is 

 outlined which if it is followed it is thought will enable the farmer to escape 

 serious fly damage and give the best possible chance to obtain a maximum crop. 

 A map of Kansas which shows the date of safe sowing calculated directly from 

 1907-8, 1908-9, and 1909-10 experimental sowings is included, from which the 

 safe-sowing date may be readily determined for the various counties. 



The red clover g-all gnat (Amblyspatha ormerodi n. sp.), R. S. MacDou- 

 GALL (Jour, Bd. Agr. [London], 20 {1913), No. 3, pp. 225-230, pis. 4).— A great 

 destruction of red clover by this cecidomyiid is reported to have taken place 

 during the winter and spring of 1912-13. complaints having been received from 

 a large number of counties. In practically all the samples received red maggots 

 were found either in the soil surrounding the plants or, on dissection, in the 

 spoiled plants. 



It is thought that a fungus of the genus Sclerotinia and an eelworm (Tylen- 

 chus devastatrix) may be associated with the gall midge in the injury. 



A jumping maggot which, lives in cactus blooms (Acucula saltans n. g. 

 and n. sp.), C. H. T. Townsend {Canad. Ent., 45 (1913), No. 8, pp. 262-265).— 

 A new dipteran collected from a columnar cactus, probably Cereus sp., at the 

 western base of the Andes some 40 miles inland from Lima, Peru, is described 

 as A. saltans. This maggot causes the petals to shrivel before they open. 



Mosquito extermination and its problems, E. Winship (Engin. Rec, 61 

 (1913), No. 18, pp. 490-492, figs. 2). — ^A discussion of the subject by a sanitary 

 engineer in which he outlines the essentials of success in ridding communities 

 of the pest. 



The natural host of Phlebotomus minutus, F. M. Howlett (Indian Jour. 

 Med. Research, 1 (1913), No. 1, pp. 34-38, pi. 1, fig. i).— The author finds the 

 wall lizard, or gecko, to be the natural host of P. minutus. He states that there 

 is no doubt but that this fly has a distinct preference for biting lizards as 

 compared with man, and that it is in fact primarily a parasite of the lizard. 

 A Phlebotomus (probably P. 'minutus nigcr) has once been observed biting an 

 agamid lizard, and a sand fly has been observed twice biting the head of the 

 common toad (Bufo mclanosticticus). 



Recent literature, especially the medical literature, on sand flies (Phle- 

 botomus, Simulium, Ceratopogoninae), K. Friederichs (Ztschr. Wiss. Insek- 

 tenbioL, 9 (1913), Nos. 1, pp. 26-31; 4, pp. 133-138) .—This, review follows a list 

 of 63 recent publications on the subject. 



Control measures for use against flies, L. Vaillard (Rev. Set. [Parts], 51 

 (1913), II, No. 7, pp. 193-206, figs. 7; Rev. G&n. ScL, 24 (1913), No. 9, pp. 

 352-358; Off. Internat. Hyg. Pul). [Paris], Bui. Mens., 5 (1913), No. 8, pp. 

 IS 13-1336) .—A detailed discussion. 



The distance house flies, blue bottles, and stable flies may travel over 

 water, C. F. Hodge (Science, n. ser., 38 (1913), No. 980, pp. 512, 5i3).— This 

 paper describes a plague of flies on the cribs of the waterworks, situated li, 5, 

 and 6 miles, respectively, out in Lake Erie, from the city of Cleveland, Ohio. 



