294 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



described in which a 1 : 2 sand and cement mortar is placed on expanded metal 

 reinforcing having not less than a 3 in. mesh. A roof thickness of 2 iu. is 

 deemed sufficient for diameters of silos up to 10 or 12 ft. and 3 in. for diameters 

 up to 20 ft. The vertical roof load is converted into tension at the circum- 

 ference, which is taken care of by horizontal circular reinforcing. Tables are 

 included for reinforcing both monolithic concrete and concrete block silos. 



The pit silo for western Kansas, C. McKee (Agr. Ed. IKans. Agr. Col.], 

 5 (1913), No. 14, pp. 12, figs. 2). — It is the purpose of this bulletin to point out 

 to the dry-land farmer of limited means in western Kansas the possibilities 

 of the pit silo and to give directions for its construction. 



The essentials of a good pit silo are briefly summarized as follows : The silo 

 must be located in firm, dry, and well-drained soil, and must have a curb ex- 

 tending a few inches above ground and a little below frost line. The walls 

 should be absolutely perpendicular and smooth, plastered from f to 1 in. thick, 

 washed with a cement coat to make them air and water tight, and if they 

 become dry before plastering they should be sprinkled lightly. A covering must 

 be provided to keep out dirt, animals, etc., and to provide for free air cir- 

 culation. 



It is claimed that the pit silo is cheap, easily constructed, does not require a 

 silage blower, and will not blow down. The silage will not freeze and will keep 

 well if properly distributed and packed. No large cash outlay is necessary and 

 no expensive forms are required in construction. 



Farm water supplies, pumping" machinery, and accessories, W. Hoffmann 

 (Ztschr. Lmidio. Eammer Schlesien, 17 {1913), Nos. 34, pp. 1205-1212, fig. 1; 

 35, pp. 1260-1265, figs. 9). — This article deals with the importance of pure water 

 supplies for the farm and methods for obtaining it, and gives suggestions for 

 determining the size of supply, specifications for piping and other conveying and 

 distributing accessories, and directions for obtaining surface supplies and deep 

 and shallow well and spring supplies. Descriptions of the construction and 

 operation of hydraulic rams and types of small deep and shallow well pumps 

 are given with instructions for their installation and use. In determining the 

 size of supply it is suggested that for all purposes each person be allowed per 

 day 20 liters, each horse 55 liters, each cow from 60 to 80 liters, each ox 70 

 liters, each calf 80 liters, each sheep 5 liters, and each pig from 20 to 80 liters. 



Shower bath for country houses, C. Fox (PuT). Health Rpts. [U. S.I, 1913, 

 Sup. 7, pp. 4, fig- !)■ — A. serviceable and inexpensive shower bath is described 

 and illustrated for use in houses where there is no running water. It is made 

 from a tin can such as is used in shipping kerosene or turpentine. The solder 

 around the upper edges of the tin is melted off and the top removed. To the 

 bottom are attached a stop cock and a shower head about 6 in. in diameter with 

 very small outlet holes. The tin is lowered and raised by a rope running 

 through a pulley attached to a rafter or other convenient support. 



RURAL ECONOMICS. 



A questionnaire on markets, J. W. Farley {Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. and 

 Soc. Sci., 50 {1913), No. 139, pp. 139-152) .—This article gives a list of 43 ques- 

 tions submitted to those in charge of the markets of 12 cities and summarizes 

 their answers. The questionnaire covered the history, expense, sources of rev- 

 enue, influence on producer and consumer, and other questions pertinent to city 

 markets. 



Some typical American markets, — A symposium (Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. 

 and Soc. Sci., 50 (1913), No. 139, pp. 118-138).— This symposium comprises (1) 

 Baltimore's Markets, by J. F. Thrift and W. T. Childs; (2) Municipal Markets 



