ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 359 



The Bartlett pear is especially subject to attack; the Angouleme has fre- 

 quently suffered to an equal degree, and the Clairgeau, Seckel, and Kieffer are 

 susceptible to injury. Thus it would appear that none of the leading sorts are 

 likely to be exempt from injury. The pest has been very destructive for many 

 years in an orchard at Lockport, where in 1908 it was estimated that 75 per 

 cent of the pears had been attacked, of which only 25 per cent would when 

 mature prove saleable. 



The work of this pest on the grape is less conspicuous than on the pear, its 

 injury to the foliage being quite similar to that on pears and its attacks of the 

 blossom clusters causing the most serious injury. Though it has not been ob- 

 served to attack peaches under natural conditions it readily attacked them un- 

 der confinement. 



The authors present technical descriptions of its several stages, there being 

 5 nymphal instars. " The nymphs of the first two instars are pale, fragile 

 creatures which are very active and subsist largely on the juices of the tender 

 foliage. In the older stages they are more sedentary and attack both leaves 

 and fruits. The habit of feeding in rather restricted areas is responsible for 

 serious injuries to young pears. The destructive activities of the insects occur 

 during the period coincidental with the conclusion of pollination and the for- 

 mation of the fruit. 



" Tests during the past 3 years have demonstrated that spraying as the 

 blossoms drop largely prevents the deformation of the young pears. The spray- 

 ing mixture that is recommended is | pint of tobacco extract (400 per cent 

 nicotin) to 100 gal. of water to which are added 3 lbs. of dissolved soap. 

 Thorough applications, using liberal quantities of the spray, are essential to 

 accomplish the desired purpose. ... As injury occurs within a short period 

 after fruit has set the orchardist should examine his trees carefully, com- 

 mencing with the dropping of the petals, to note conditions with respect to 

 the nymphs." 



Brief mention is also made of Ly0dea mendax, Gampylomma vcrbasci, Para- 

 calocoris colon, and P. scrupeus as associated insects. 



A pear-deforming plant bug, F. H. Hall (New York State 8ta. Bill. 368, 

 popular ed., pp. 3-8, figs. 10). — A popular edition of the above. 



A new insect pest of coconut palms in British Guiana, G. E. Bodkin {Jour. 

 Bd. Apr. Brit. Guiana, 7 {1913), Xo. 2, pp. 87-90). — An account of Castnia 

 daedaluft, a lepidopteran which burrows between the trunk of the coconut palm 

 and the broad and thickened bases of the branches. In old trees the signs of 

 attack are said to be quite characteristic, consisting of deep, irregular, longitu- 

 dinal scars or furrows running up the trunk of the palm in continuous lines. 

 This borer is extremely abundant in British Guiana in coconut palms along the 

 west bank of the Demerara River and the east bank of the Berbice River. 



Control measures consist in the removal of all the lower branches by cutting 

 away at the base and securing the worm. It is stated that as many as 19 

 specimens of C. daedalus in its several stages of development have been taken 

 from a single palm. 



A brood study of the codling moth, T. J. Headlee {Jour. Econ. Ent., 6 

 {1913), No. 5, pp. 389-395, figs. 4). — This is a report of cage studies made in 

 Kansas in 1012 of broods of the codling moth. 



"In 1912 in the course of the outdoor tree cage studies at Manhattan, 3 

 distinct and successive appearances of each of the codling moth's stages, except 

 of larval emergence, were determined. The third emergence of codling moth 

 larvae would come during late September and October. In view of the fact 

 that larvje emerging during late September and October in 1911 pupated and 

 produced moths in the spring of 1912, it seems entirely likely that these larv'se 



