SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 319 



The hypochlorite treatment is considered principally applicable " for emergency 

 use or as a finishing process after filtration," but " must not be considered as 

 a substitute for other established means of water purification." 



Ozone treatment is condemned as expensive and difiicult to apply thoroughly. 

 " Somewhat the same remarks may be made about the use of violet rays for the 

 sterilization of water. ... Its use has been advocated and its success, on a 

 laboratory scale, has been well demonstrated, but its excessive cost, its com- 

 plicated nature, and the difficulty of making it applicable to the treatment of 

 large volumes of water, together with the other general limitations already 

 referred to, do not at present promise well for Its commercial success." 



Studies of fish life and water pollution, II. W. Clark and G. O. Adams (Ann. 

 Rpt. Bd. Health Mas.<i., U U912), pp. 336-345).— A report of these studies has 

 been noted from another source (E. S. R., 29, p. 315). 



Belation of purity of water supply to typhoid fever, J. W. Ellms {Amcr. 

 Jour. Pul). Health, 3 {1913), No. 12, pp. 1290, 1291).— It is stated that in the 

 three years since the introduction of a purified water supply the typhoid death 

 rate of Cincinnati has decreased nearly 80 per cent. 



The prevention of typhoid fever in the rural districts of Virginia, A. W. 

 Freeman (Amcr. Jour. rub. Health, 3 {1913), No. 12, pp. 1322-1325) .—The cam- 

 paign of education of the state health department, emphasizing especially the 

 importance of sanitary privies, suppression of flies, and bedside prophylaxis, is 

 described. 



In this campaign special emphasis is not laid upon the water supply because 

 "typhoid fever of the rural districts of Virginia is largely a matter of the sum- 

 mer months," and in these " months the influence of water in the transmission of 

 the disease is not apparently of great importance. . . , The recognition of 

 human filth as the source of the infection, and the avoidance of all fecal con- 

 tamination, whether by flies, food, clothing, hands, water, or any other means 

 whatever, constitutes the one and only precaution necessary for the absolute 

 prevention of the disease." 



The results of the state campaign have been evident. " The interest of the 

 people at large in the prevention of typhoid has been greatly increased and their 

 knowledge of the means necessary to this end enlarged. Bedside prophylaxis 

 has undoubtedly been wonderfully improved. The campaign for the sanitary 

 privy has begun slowly to show results in the building and use of the types rec- 

 ommended by the department. Most important of all, the number of cases, re- 

 ported and estimated, has shown steady and decisive decline." 



SOILS—FERTILIZERS. 



A descriptive catalogue of the soils of Virginia so far identified in the soil 

 survey (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 46, pp. 21, figs. 7).— The soils of Virginia are 

 classified under 5 soil provinces, which are (1) Piedmont Plateau Province, con- 

 taining 9,501.600 acres; (2) Appalachian Mountain and Plateau Province, con- 

 taining 6,420,000 acres; (3) Coastal Plains Province, containing 5.136.000 acres; 

 (4) Limestone Valley and Upland Province, containing 3.081,600 acres; (5) 

 River Flood Plains Province, containing 1,540.800 acres. In province No. 1 the 

 Cecil series ranging in texture from sand to clay is most widely distributed and 

 important, with the Louisa, Chester, and Iredell series, second, third, and fourth, 

 respectively. In province No. 2 the De Kalb series is most widely distributed 

 but has little agricultural value. The Porters series Is second in extent and 

 has only average agricultural value, being better adapted to forestry. In prov- 

 ince No. 3 the Norfolk series predominates. About 10 per cent of these soils 



