DAIRY FARMING DAIRITNG. 377 



tent of the milk consists in a rigorous selection of breeiling animals, especially 

 bulls, by whicli the ability of the bull to transmit a certain fat content is judged 

 by the average fat content of his dam, granddams, and full sisters, by his sire's 

 and grandsires intiuence on their daughters, and when the bull is old, by his 

 own influence on the average fat content of his progeny. 



Many instances are given in the reix)rt of the beneficial hereditary influence 

 of bulls and cows in Swedish dairy herds on the average fat content of the 

 ofl'spring. 



Cost of milk production, F. Rasmussen (New Hampshire Col. and 8ia. Ext. 

 Bid. 2, 1913, pp. 20). — In reporting the results obtained in a year's work with 

 one New Hampshsire cow-testing association comprising 20 herds and 320 cows, 

 the following facts are noted: The average yield was 0,403.0 lbs. of milk and 

 243.0 lbs. of milk fat ; the average percentage of fat was 3.70 ; the average cost 

 of feed was 2.4 cts. per quart; the returns per cow per year above feed cost 

 were $43.77; and the returns for each dollar's worth of feed consumed 

 was $1.59. 



A classification of the cows in the order of amount of milk produced shows a 

 decrease in profit with a decrease in production. The largest producers were on 

 the average the most profitable. The estimated cost of keeping a cow per year 

 is $147.73, for which itemized statements are included. The production neces- 

 sary for profit ranges from 0,000 to 8,000 lbs. of milk per cow. 



Prices farmers received for market milk during 1912 (Cream, and Milk 

 Plant Mo., 2 (1913), Xo. 2, pp. 2, 3). — Inquiries conducted by the Dairy Division 

 of this Department show that the average price paid for milk to farmers sup- 

 plying 20 of the leading cities in the United States during the year 1912 was 

 3.505 cts. per quart, the lowest price paid being 2.904 cts. and the highest 

 4.437 cts. per quart. The highest average prices were paid during the months 

 of October, November, December, January, and February, the lowest during 

 May, June, July, and August. There is a large variation noted in the prices 

 paid in the different cities. 



The public value of different milks, C. E. North (Med. Rcc. [N.Y.], 8Jf 

 (1913), No. 21, pp. 924-927). — This article discusses the relative value to the 

 public of different grades of milk as determined by their cleanliness, safety, 

 and price. Assuming that the maximum values of these 3 items are 25, 50, 

 and 25, respectively, the several grades of pasteurized, certified, and raw 

 milk are rated. 



The milk supply of Karlsruhe, G. Beeg (Schr. Ter. Sozialpolit., 140 (1912), 

 pt. 1, pp. Till -{-168, pi. 1). — A complete description of the methods of feeding 

 and management of dairy stock in vogue in Karlsruhe, with a statistical 

 review of the milk production and consumption, market prices of milk, and 

 sanitation regulations in operation in that city. 



Dairying in western Norway, B. M. Rasmusen (Daily Cons, and Trade 

 Rpts. [U. S.}, 16 (1913), No. 261, p. 697).— It is reported that though dairying 

 is a leading industry in this district, it is backward as to scientific methods and 

 machinery. There is a movement to reorganize the dairy industry along mod- 

 ern lines especially in the establishment of cooi^erative plants. However, poor 

 transportation facilities and other factors render this plan difficult. 



[Dairy inspection], W. D. Saunders {Quart. Rpt. Dairy and Food Comr. Va., 

 1913, June-Aug., pp. 36, 37, 56-60).— A brief report of dairy farm and creamery 

 inspection in Virginia, and of examinations of proprietary stock and poultry 

 feeds. 



Proceedings of the Iowa State Dairy Association held at "Waterloo, Iowa, 

 October 10 to 14, inclusive, 1911 (Town YcarhnoJ: Affr., 1911, pp. SJ,7^88).— 

 The addresses given before this association dealt with the ix>wer problem in the 



