BUKAL ECONOMICS. 391 



It is stated that because of the iindevelopod marketing system in North Caro- 

 lina there is imported annually $5<),0(X),000 worth of food and feed products 

 which should be produced in the State. Proper standardization is needed in 

 order to market profitably the farmer's products. The belief is expressed that 

 the farmer must bring about these results through his own efforts, but under 

 the guidance of the State. 



Cooperation in Brazil {Relat. Min. Agr. ln<lus., c Com., Brazil, lUll, Xo. 3, 

 pp. 133-200). — This article traces the cooperative movement in Brazil from its 

 beginning in 1S19 by the formation of a society of agriculture, commerce, and 

 navigation to the present time. It describes in considerable detail the different 

 forms of organization and their adaptation to special industries, such as sugar 

 and coffee production, agricultural credit, etc. 



Report on the working- of the cooperative societies in the Punjab for the 

 year ending July 31, 1913, A. Langley {Rpt. Work. Coop. Socs. Punjab, 1913, 

 pp. o+2+ii, tables IJf). — This report shows the workings of the societies for 

 the fiscal year 1913, calling attention to the rapid expansion of the movement 

 among" the agricultural classes and to the fact that the opposition of the money 

 lender is gradually being overcome. Statistics are given showing membership, 

 receipts and disbursements, etc., for the central, agricultural, and nonagricultu- 

 ral societies. 



Early associations for promoting" agriculture and improving the improver, 

 T. H. MiDDLETON (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1912, pp. 709-130).— The author 

 sketches the various agencies that have been effective in improving British 

 agriculture from 1S60 to date. 



Agricultural accident insurance in the Netherlands, E. van der Feen- 

 MuLLER (Mitt. Dent. Landw. Gesell., 28 (1913), yo. 40, pp. 5 5 5-5 5 S) .—This 

 article traces the causes leading up to accident insurance associations for agri- 

 cultural workers, describes the organizations, and gives considerable information 

 concerning the number insured and the cost. 



[Dairy farm management], D. H. Otis {Hoard's Dairyman, Jf6 (1913), A'o.?. 

 S, p. 52; 12, pp. 319, 329, 330).— The first of these articles gives in detail the 

 investment and income from the various kinds of live stock on two farms of 

 approximately the same size, and points out that one farm made a much better 

 profit than the other because of a better understanding of market conditions 

 and of advertising. 



In the second article a review and discussion is given of the managerial meth- 

 ods of two dairy farms, substantially alike, but one of which realizes an income 

 of $4,232.20, the other $851.66. The author ascribes the greater profits of the 

 former to the returns from larger sales and the increased inventory of equip- 

 ment and live stock, particularly dairy cattle. It is deemetl noteworthy that 

 although this farm has the lower total capitalization, it has considerably more 

 investment in pure-bred stock and equipment. 



Statistical study of wheat cultivation and trade, 1881-1910, J. F. Unstead 

 (Geogr. Jour., 42 (1913), Nos. 2, pp. 165-181, figs. 2; 3, pp. 2J.'/-27<?).— By a study 

 of the area, production, and trade in wheat for practically all the countries of 

 the world the author comes to the conclusion that there has been an increase of 

 about 300.000.000 bu. for the period of 1891-1900 over that of 1881-1890, and 

 one of 700,000,000 bu. for 1901-1910 over 1891-1900. This increase was due 

 mostly to increased acreage, but to some extent to increased average yield per 

 acre. 



The study also leads to the conclusion that the acreage may be considerably 

 extended and a higher return per acre may be expected. 



