DAIRY FAEMING DAIRYING. 473 



consumed per head during the second year was mixed hay 1,120 lbs., corn 

 silage 3,250 lbs., corn stover 672 lbs., and pasture 171 days. The total feed 

 cost for the second year was $16.11. Man labor was estimated at 23.25 hours 

 and horse labor 0.75 hour per head, costing a total of $2.86, and making the 

 total cost of feed and labor for the second year $18.97. The initial value of 

 a calf, $7.04, based on the cost of maintaining 2 herd bulls, together with 

 other costs, brought the total cost of a dairy heifer 1 year old to $42.52. or a 

 net cost of $39.52, crediting manure at $3. The average total cost of a 2-year- 

 old heifer was $09.41, or $61.41 crediting manure at $8. Of these costs it 

 was found that feed comprises 65.5 per cent, labor 12.5, and all other costs 

 22 per cent of the totil cost of a dairy heifer at 2 years. " It would appear that 

 a farmer can not afford to raise a heifer calf that will not sell for more than $60 

 at 2 years of age." 



Escutcheon theory in milkers (Live Stock Jour. [London], 78 (10 IS), No. 

 2067, p. 489, figs. 15). — Comments on the Guenon theory on the relation between 

 escutcheon and milk yield are given, with illustrations showing the extent to 

 which the escutcheon may be modified by the influence of either parent, the 

 difference in its value according to the breed in which it is found, and other 

 difficulties which beset the student of the Guenon theory. 



On the Normandy breed of cattle, H^diard (Indus. Lait. [Paris], 38 {1913), 

 No. 49, pp. 781-795). — The average milk yield of this breed is estimated at from 

 16 to 19 liters (16.9 to 20 qts.) per day, and the average butter production at 

 832 gm. (1.83 lbs.) per day with a maximum of 1.717 kg. The adaptability 

 of this breed to French conditions is discussed and its improvement and breed- 

 ing advocated. 



Russian milch cows, N. E. Hansen (Chicago Dairy Produce, 20 (1913), 

 No. SO, p. 19). — A brief account of the Kirghiz cattle of southern Siberia, which 

 are said to be immune to tuberculosis and produce a considerably higher per- 

 centage of milk fat in their milk than any other known breed. The possi- 

 bility of transferring this immunity to other breeds by crossing is considered. 



On the feeding value of fermented sug-ar-beet tops for dairy animals, 

 A. MoRGEN, C. Beger, and F. Westhausser (Landic. Vers. Stai., 79-80 (1913), 

 pp. 637-666). — In experiments with milking sheep and goats, in which ensiled 

 sugar-beet tops were compared with an ordinary ration of hay, corn, meal, 

 gluten meal, and oil meal as milk producers, it was found that the beet tops 

 were an insufficient feed and failed to keep up the milk yield. A combination 

 feed of the ordinary ration and beet tops proved most effective. The feeding 

 of sour milk in quantity proved detrimental to milk production. 



Beet tops in relation to the microflora and sanitation of milk, C. Gobini 

 (Molk. Ztg. [Hildesheim], 27 (1913), No. 86, p. 1666).— In feeding both fresh 

 and soured beet tops to dairy cattle, the number of gas-forming bacteria in the 

 milk was found to be high. With beet tops which had been subjected to a dry- 

 ing temperature milk was produced showing a lower germ content, especially 

 of the putrefactive bacteria. The digestive tract and the feces were similarly 

 affected. The number of germs was still further lowered on feeding com- 

 pletely sterilized beet tops. 



Milk hygiene, C. J. Marshall (Penn. Live Stock Sanit. Bd. Circ. 25, WIS, 

 pp. 32, pi. 1, figs. P).— This circular includes a general summary of the neces- 

 sary requirements for milk hygiene, together with brief notes on the selection 

 of cows, grooming, caring for sick cows, feeding, watering, and handling the 

 milk. There are also included general plans of construction for stables, milk 

 houses, and ice bouses. 



The improvement of the milk supply in the towns of the United Provinces 

 of Agra and Oudh, H. R. C. Hailey (Dept. Land Rec. and Agr. United Pro v. 



