RURAL ECONOMICS. 693 



conservation, and for annual or semiannual reduction of principal (amortiza- 

 tion)." 



Two of these associations have been organized, one at Eau Claire and the 

 other at Marinette. 



Some parcel post marketing* experiments, J, R. Beciitel {Market Growers 

 Jour., 14 (1914), ^o. 3, p. 83, fig. 1). — An experiment conducted by the Pennsyl- 

 vania State College demonstrated that greenhouse tomatoes could be marketed 

 by parcel post with but little loss. This loss was due principally to jamming 

 in mail bags, and could have been greatly reduced by the use of hampers. 



[Cooperative marketing of creamery butter], R. C. Potts {Oklahoma 8ta. 

 Kpt. 1913, pp. 12-17)^ — On account of a decrease in the amount of butter manu- 

 factured at the station creiimery the cost of manufacturing increased from 2.6 

 cts. per pound for the fiscal year 1908 to 6.73 cts. per pound for the fiscal year 

 1913. In order to decrease the cost of distribution the station creamery united 

 in 1909 with 5 local creameries and concentrated their shipments at Stillwater. 

 This resulted in lower freight cost, faster and better freight service, the butter 

 arriving at the market in better condition, better sales from commission houses, 

 and in each creamery receiving the benefit of Improved marketing facilities 

 from both the railroad and the commission house. The net saving in freight 

 on 8 carloads was $65.34 per car. 



[Cow insurance club] {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 20 {1913), No. 8, pp. 730, 

 731). — In this club there are 124 members, mostly small holders, and 274 coavs 

 insured. Only cows and heifers are insured. The average death rate per 

 annum is 2.7 per cent. Three-fourths of the market value of any cow that dies 

 from disease or accident is paid, the average being £10 14s. After the sale of 

 the carcass the average net loss per cow insured has averaged 5s. 



Pig insurance clubs in 1912 {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 20 {1913), No. 8, 

 pp. 721-729). — ^A report for 1911-12 shows that there were 31 registered pig 

 insurance societies. The average number of pigs on which claims were paid 

 was 100 and the average death rate i)ercentage per annum 4.8, the average 

 amount paid per pig that died £1 17s., and the average per pig insured Is. 9d. 

 The income from these societies slightly exceeded the expenditures, thus estab- 

 lishing a reserve fund for future use. There were also 832 unregistered pig 

 clubs, having a total of 30,529 members and 53,981 pigs insured, the average 

 annual death rate being 5.3 per cent. These societies are reported in satis- 

 factoiy financial condition. 



Provisions are made by which a small society which finds itself in financial 

 stress by reason of continued outbreaks of diseases may reinsure through the 

 larger cooperative insurance societies. 



It is concluded that a society in normal condition would find it safe to 

 insure its members' pigs at a rate of 2s. per market pig per annum and of Is. 

 per pig per annum for management expenses. 



Agricultural associations of the Mohammedans of Maghreb, L. Milliot 

 {L' Association Agricole chez les Musuhnans du Maghreb. Paris, 1912, pp. 

 XVI -{-301). — The author describes the influence of the character and religion 

 of the Mohammedans upon the organization of agricultural associations in 

 this district, and gives an extensive bibliograi)hy relating to agriculture and 

 the various types of organizations. 



The agricultural outlook {JJ. S. Dept. Agr.. Farmers' Bui. 570 {1913), pp. 

 55).— The totiU farm value of all crops for 1913 is estimated at $6,100,000,000, 

 and the value of animals sold and slaughtered and of animal products at 

 $3,650,000,000. 



